{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T18:14:40Z","timestamp":1781806480682,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB4710200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB4710200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB4710205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB4710205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008233","name":"School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JYLJ202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYLJ202202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020732","name":"Innovative Research Team of High-level Local University in Shanghai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHSMU-ZDCX20210601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHSMU-ZDCX20210601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003395","name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21CGA18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21CGA18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003024","name":"Shanghai Education Development Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005240","name":"Changjiang Scholar Program, Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2022065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2022065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014175","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022XD006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022XD006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014175","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82000879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82000879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82401308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82201166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82388101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82388101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:15:40Z","timestamp":1766992540000},"page":"110835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A machine learning-based model for the prediction of thyroid eye disease with oxidative stress-related biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianfei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8636-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huifang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0905750","article-title":"Graves' ophthalmopathy","volume":"362","author":"Bahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac252","article-title":"Future projections in thyroid eye disease","volume":"107","author":"Barbesino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520190308","article-title":"Oxidative stress and Graves' ophthalmopathy: in vitro studies and therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Bartalena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0608-z","article-title":"Does early response to intravenous glucocorticoids predict the final outcome in patients with moderate-to-severe and active Graves' orbitopathy?","volume":"40","author":"Bartalena","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G43","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0479","article-title":"The 2021 European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"185","author":"Bartalena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103534","article-title":"Redox mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid eye disease","volume":"23","author":"Buonfiglio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0353","article-title":"Superoxide radical production stimulates retroocular fibroblast proliferation in Graves' ophthalmopathy","volume":"65","author":"Burch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0251","article-title":"Management of thyroid eye disease: a consensus statement by the American thyroid association and the european thyroid association","volume":"32","author":"Burch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14296","article-title":"Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves' disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"93","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1062045","article-title":"A review of TSHR- and IGF-1R-related pathogenesis and treatment of Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910434","article-title":"Teprotumumab for the treatment of active thyroid eye disease","volume":"382","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.017","article-title":"Teprotumumab efficacy, safety, and durability in longer-duration thyroid eye disease and Re-treatment: OPTIC-X study","volume":"129","author":"Douglas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.648732","article-title":"Mechanisms that underly T cell immunity in graves' orbitopathy","volume":"12","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-7","article-title":"GSVA: gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-seq data","volume":"14","author":"H\u00e4nzelmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.74.4.1532179","article-title":"Methimazole and propylthiouracil inhibit the oxygen free radical-induced expression of a 72 kilodalton heat shock protein in Graves' retroocular fibroblasts","volume":"74","author":"Heufelder","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121871","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress and therapeutic potential of antioxidants in graves' ophthalmopathy","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.09.005","article-title":"T2 mapping histogram at extraocular muscles for predicting the response to glucocorticoid therapy in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"76","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13704","article-title":"Changes of lacrimal gland and tear inflammatory cytokines in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432797","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation: what polyphenols can Do for Us?","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112383","article-title":"KLF2 in regulation of NF-\u03baB-Mediated immune cell function and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Jha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00056-5","article-title":"Teprotumumab for patients with active thyroid eye disease: a pooled data analysis, subgroup analyses, and off-treatment follow-up results from two randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicentre trials","volume":"9","author":"Kahaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001931","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of selenium on orbital fibroblasts of patients with graves ophthalmopathy","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559","article-title":"WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis","volume":"9","author":"Langfelder","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04360-2","article-title":"Mediterranean diet, selenium and Graves' ophthalmopathy: a prospective, randomized, single-center study","volume":"90","author":"Le Moli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-0038","article-title":"Regulation of thyroid oxidative state by thioredoxin reductase has a crucial role in thyroid responses to iodide excess","volume":"25","author":"Leoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1632","article-title":"Thyroid hormone stimulation of autophagy is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in skeletal muscle","volume":"157","author":"Lesmana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib28","article-title":"The efficacy of intensity modulated radiation therapy in treating thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and predictive factors for treatment response","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004","article-title":"The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection","volume":"1","author":"Liberzon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.297","article-title":"Oxygen free radicals in interleukin-1beta-induced glycosaminoglycan production by retro-ocular fibroblasts from normal subjects and Graves' ophthalmopathy patients","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2022.0254","article-title":"M1-Like macrophages modulate fibrosis and inflammation of orbital fibroblasts in graves' orbitopathy: potential relevance to soluble Interleukin-6 receptor","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib33","article-title":"Selenium-functionalized hydrogel microspheres promote nucleus pulposus reconstruction by activating selenoprotein-mediated mitochondrial redox homeostasis and energy metabolism","volume":"328","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012985","article-title":"Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"364","author":"Marcocci","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.609895","article-title":"Evidence that baseline levels of low-density lipoproteins cholesterol affect the clinical response of graves' ophthalmopathy to parenteral corticosteroids","volume":"11","author":"Naselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3337","article-title":"Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles","volume":"12","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0718-7","article-title":"Action of three bioavailable antioxidants in orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO): a new frontier for GO treatment?","volume":"41","author":"Rotondo Dottore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.002","article-title":"Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine","volume":"4","author":"Sies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1061849","article-title":"Thyroid hormone induction of mitochondrial activity is coupled to mitophagy via ROS-AMPK-ULK1 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510030","article-title":"Graves' disease","volume":"375","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9601","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.117582","article-title":"GPX1-driven selenium nanoplatform reprograms MAMs-mediated organelle crosstalk to reverse inflammatory adipose expansion in thyroid eye disease","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0305-4","article-title":"New insights into the pathogenesis and nonsurgical management of Graves orbitopathy","volume":"16","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D330","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1055","article-title":"The Gene Ontology Resource: 20 years and still GOing strong","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf201.0645","article-title":"Cysteine addiction in drug resistant glioblastoma and therapeutic targeting with designer selenium compounds","author":"Tiek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.31","article-title":"Increased oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species in cultured orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy: evidence that oxidative stress has a role in this disorder","volume":"24","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib47","first-page":"927","article-title":"The protective effect of antioxidants on orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy in response to oxidative stress","volume":"19","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.07.018","article-title":"The rate of Re-treatment in patients treated with teprotumumab: a multicenter Study of 119 patients with 1 year of Follow-up","volume":"132","author":"Ugradar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0248","article-title":"Graves' orbitopathy results in profound changes in tear composition: a study of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and seven cytokines","volume":"22","author":"Ujhelyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0238","article-title":"Downregulation of Caveolin-1 and upregulation of deiodinase 3, associated with hypoxia-inducible Factor-1\u03b1 increase, are involved in the oxidative stress of graves' orbital adipocytes","volume":"31","author":"Van Regemorter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0240-8","article-title":"A single-center retrospective study of factors related to the effects of intravenous glucocorticoid therapy in moderate-to-severe and active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05339-1","article-title":"18 F-FDG-PET\/MRI in patients with Graves' orbitopathy","volume":"259","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1113\/eph8802506","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by thyroid hormone","volume":"88","author":"Weitzel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3196059","article-title":"Thickness of extraocular muscle and orbital fat in MRI predicts response to glucocorticoid therapy in graves' ophthalmopathy","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internet J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835_bib55","article-title":"Research progress on the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy: based on immunity, noncoding RNA and exosomes","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525006086?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483525006086?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:43:56Z","timestamp":1781685836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483525006086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0014483525006086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A machine learning-based model for the prediction of thyroid eye disease with oxidative stress-related biomarkers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110835","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110835"}}