{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T06:26:38Z","timestamp":1793600798391,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007062","name":"Yangzhou University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32373087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32373087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T16:17:15Z","timestamp":1771604235000},"page":"110935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Berberine inhibits muramyl dipeptide-induced oxidative stress and pyroptosis in canine corneal epithelial cells via the NOD2 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"267","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuerui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shendong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangzhen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S526788","article-title":"NOD2-NLRP3 axis and asthma","volume":"18","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154181","article-title":"Berberine-mediated REDD1 down-regulation ameliorates senescence of retinal pigment epithelium by interrupting the ROS-DDR positive feedback loop","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1289-z","article-title":"NOD2 promotes dopaminergic degeneration regulated by NADPH oxidase 2 in 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.4161\/21645515.2014.979640","article-title":"Mechanisms and pathways of innate immune activation and regulation in health and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101405","article-title":"The inflammasome NLRs in immunity, inflammation, and associated diseases","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172392","article-title":"SIRT1 alleviates Cd nephrotoxicity through NF-\u03baB\/p65 deacetylation-mediated pyroptosis in rat renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"929","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00214","article-title":"Gut microbiota-regulated pharmacokinetics of berberine and active metabolites in beagle dogs after oral administration","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1346","article-title":"Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1beta in salmonella-infected macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Franchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-081022-021207","article-title":"Structural mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation","volume":"41","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230207112539","article-title":"Berberine: pharmacological features in health, disease and aging","volume":"31","author":"Gasmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108857","article-title":"MCC950 attenuates inflammation-mediated damage in canines with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius keratitis by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"108","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155081","article-title":"Berberine ameliorate inflammation and apoptosis via modulating PI3K\/AKT\/NFkappaB and MAPK pathway on dry eye","volume":"121","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155081","article-title":"Berberine ameliorate inflammation and apoptosis via modulating PI3K\/AKT\/NF\u03baB and MAPK pathway on dry eye","volume":"121","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70803","article-title":"Dihydromikanolide inhibits ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammation via antioxidant Nrf2 activation and mitophagy induction in LPS\/ATP-Stimulated macrophages","volume":"29","author":"Hseu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-092922-073050","article-title":"Assembly and architecture of NLR resistosomes and inflammasomes","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120882","article-title":"DBDPE upregulates NOD-like receptor signaling to induce NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated HAECs pyroptosis","volume":"318","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116439","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship in NOD2 agonistic muramyl dipeptides","volume":"271","author":"Kamboj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182781ea4","article-title":"The role of Nod1 signaling in corneal neovascularization","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2017.05.005","article-title":"Gasdermins: effectors of pyroptosis","volume":"27","author":"Kovacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12291","article-title":"A retrospective survey of ocular abnormalities in pugs: 130 cases","volume":"56","author":"Krecny","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.10.005","article-title":"Bilateral acute pyogenic conjunctivitis with iritis induced by unilateral topical application of bacterial peptidoglycan muramyl dipeptide in adult rabbits","volume":"116","author":"Langford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109383","article-title":"Conjunctival epitheliopathy induced by topical exposure to bacterial peptidoglycan, muramyl dipeptide","volume":"227","author":"Langford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061736","article-title":"Berberine protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage through activation of AMPK","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6464","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6391","article-title":"Palmitoylation of NOD1 and NOD2 is required for bacterial sensing","volume":"366","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1433620","article-title":"NOD2-mediated dual negative regulation of inflammatory responses triggered by TLRs in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"15","author":"Masaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.154","article-title":"NOD2 activation induces oxidative stress contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells","volume":"89","author":"Maurya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2014","article-title":"NOD-like receptors: versatile cytosolic sentinels","volume":"95","author":"Motta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008072200","article-title":"Nod2, a Nod1\/Apaf-1 family member that is restricted to monocytes and activates NF-kappaB","volume":"276","author":"Ogura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.953530","article-title":"Activation and regulation mechanisms of NOD-like receptors based on structural biology","volume":"13","author":"Ohto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2022.101100","article-title":"The human inflammasomes","volume":"88","author":"Paerewijck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3565","article-title":"NOD proteins: regulators of inflammation in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Philpott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225474","article-title":"An overview of Nrf2 signaling pathway and its role in inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Saha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206238","article-title":"Inhibitory role of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, on NLRP3 inflammasome activation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"26","author":"Sarbadhikary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.10.006","article-title":"Oxeiptosis: a discreet way to respond to radicals","volume":"56","author":"Scaturro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.10.004","article-title":"Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated programmed necrotic cell death","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"issue":"7575","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15514","article-title":"Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death","volume":"526","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109607","article-title":"Glutamine alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced corneal epithelial inflammation and oxidative stress in dogs","volume":"234","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226949","article-title":"Quercetin prevents LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by modulating NOX2\/ROS\/NF-kB in lung epithelial cells","volume":"26","author":"Sul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.03.012","article-title":"The NLR family of innate immune and cell death sensors","volume":"57","author":"Sundaram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.027","article-title":"Silica nanoparticles induce pyroptosis and cardiac hypertrophy via ROS\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 pathway","volume":"182","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2017.1306544","article-title":"The metabolism of berberine and its contribution to the pharmacological effects","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155258","article-title":"Inhibition of inflammation by berberine: molecular mechanism and network pharmacology analysis","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00579.x","article-title":"Investigation of bacterial microorganisms in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs and dogs with ulcerative keratitis in Beijing, China","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib44","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence factors of isolates of staphylococcus pseudintermedius from healthy dogs and dogs with keratitis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2333271","article-title":"Staphylococcus pseudintermedius induces pyroptosis of canine corneal epithelial cells by activating the ROS-NLRP3 signalling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1626423","article-title":"\u03ba-carrageenan oligosaccharides alleviate MDP induced rumen epithelial cell inflammatory damage by inhibiting the activation of NOD2\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00179-x","article-title":"NLRP inflammasomes in health and disease","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2024.106862","article-title":"Berberine alleviates diabetic retinopathy by regulating the Th17\/Treg ratio","volume":"267","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"issue":"7329","key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483526000916?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483526000916?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T05:32:36Z","timestamp":1793597556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483526000916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0014483526000916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Berberine inhibits muramyl dipeptide-induced oxidative stress and pyroptosis in canine corneal epithelial cells via the NOD2 signaling pathway","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2026.110935","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110935"}}