{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:32:38Z","timestamp":1793143958501,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82671346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82671346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T23:28:15Z","timestamp":1789860495000},"page":"111243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A new omics view of retinal aging: Cell-type vulnerability, spatial niches, and disease susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3186-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.06.020","article-title":"Integrating metabolomics, genomics, and disease pathways in age-related macular degeneration: the EYE-RISK Consortium","volume":"127","author":"Acar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib2","first-page":"9525","article-title":"Sanity checks for saliency maps","volume":"31","author":"Adebayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46063-8","article-title":"QTL mapping of human retina DNA methylation identifies 87 gene-epigenome interactions in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"15","author":"Advani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82364","article-title":"Longitudinal fundus imaging and its genome-wide association analyses provide evidence for a human retinal aging clock","volume":"12","author":"Ahadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2023.1258734","article-title":"Lysolipids are prominent in subretinal drusenoid deposits, a high-risk phenotype in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.0c00119","article-title":"Lipid landscape of the human retina and supporting tissues revealed by high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.5.74","article-title":"Parafoveal dark adaptation in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"67","author":"Ansari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00451-4","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"17","author":"Antonetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00140-5","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"45","author":"Beatty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.04.005","article-title":"Understanding age-related macular degeneration (AMD): relationships between the photoreceptor\/retinal pigment epithelium\/Bruch's membrane\/choriocapillaris complex","volume":"33","author":"Bhutto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.05.003","article-title":"M\u00fcller cells in the healthy and diseased retina","volume":"25","author":"Bringmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.03.006","article-title":"The primate fovea: structure, function and development","volume":"66","author":"Bringmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.09.005","article-title":"A biomechanical paradigm for axonal insult within the optic nerve head in aging and glaucoma","volume":"93","author":"Burgoyne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-100419-114940","article-title":"Aging of the retina: molecular and metabolic turbulences and potential interventions","volume":"7","author":"Campello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vision Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.08.004","article-title":"The mechanism of cone cell death in retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"62","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00920-4","article-title":"Deep neural network-estimated age using optical coherence tomography predicts mortality","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.216","article-title":"Structural and molecular changes in the aging choroid: implications for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"31","author":"Chirco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40674-3","article-title":"Spatial organization of the mouse retina at single-cell resolution by MERFISH","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/mcs.a000588","article-title":"Metabolomics: an emerging but powerful tool for precision medicine. Cold Spring Harb","volume":"1","author":"Clish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Case Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.013","article-title":"Cell types of the human retina and its organoids at single-cell resolution","volume":"182","author":"Cowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.08.001","article-title":"Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins","volume":"28","author":"Curcio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300344","article-title":"The oil spill in ageing Bruch membrane","volume":"95","author":"Curcio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.4","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration, a mathematically tractable disease","volume":"65","author":"Curcio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib26","first-page":"3278","article-title":"Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina","volume":"34","author":"Curcio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.67.3.34","article-title":"The science of rod-mediated dark adaptation, an outcome measure for age-related macular degeneration: the 2025 Proctor Medal Lecture","volume":"67","author":"Curcio","year":"2026","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2010.00660.x","article-title":"Age-related alterations in the dynamic behavior of microglia","volume":"10","author":"Damani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery","volume":"57","author":"del Amo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1016293","article-title":"Intercellular communication analysis of the human retinal pigment epithelial and choroidal cells predicts pathways associated with aging, cellular senescence and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Dhirachaikulpanich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93751","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: current understanding, mechanisms, and treatment strategies","volume":"2","author":"Duh","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.09.002","article-title":"Defects in retinal pigment epithelial cell proteolysis and the pathology associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"51","author":"Ferrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib36","first-page":"1","volume":"vol. 255","author":"Gardner","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.005","article-title":"Cellular senescence: defining a path forward","volume":"179","author":"Gorgoulis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.11.023","article-title":"Layer-specific anatomical and physiological features of the retina's neurovascular unit","volume":"35","author":"Grimes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2017.0121","article-title":"Intravitreal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal injections: evolution of microneedles for drug delivery","volume":"34","author":"Hartman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01520-9","article-title":"Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"402","author":"Heier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.11.007","article-title":"Dynamic human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid architecture based on single-cell transcriptomic landscape analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib43","series-title":"Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2019","first-page":"3543","article-title":"Attention is not explanation","author":"Jain","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.03.009","article-title":"Consequences of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Jarrett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2022.06.001","article-title":"Identification of age-associated proteins and functional alterations in human retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"20","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31469-1","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"390","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.24546","article-title":"Autophagy and heterophagy dysregulation leads to retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and development of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Kaarniranta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100858","article-title":"Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration","volume":"79","author":"Kaarniranta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12312","article-title":"Photoreceptors in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"6","author":"Kern","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00038.2009","article-title":"Phagocytosis of retinal rod and cone photoreceptors","volume":"25","author":"Kevany","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01583-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol in patients with geographic atrophy (GATHER2): 12-month results from a randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trial","volume":"402","author":"Khanani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13141","article-title":"Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation","volume":"288","author":"Kirkland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37025-7","article-title":"Single-cell analysis reveals inflammatory interactions driving macular degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Kuchroo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02088-0","article-title":"Cellular senescence in the aging retina and developments of senotherapies for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02454-1","article-title":"Single-cell atlas of the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility in the human retina","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib57","article-title":"A multi-omics atlas of the human retina at single-cell resolution","volume":"3","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12917-9","article-title":"Single-nuclei RNA-seq on human retinal tissue provides improved transcriptome profiling","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110623","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of human retina from Chinese donors reveals population-specific cellular diversity","volume":"260","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70097","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals aging-related impairment of microglial efferocytosis contributing to apoptotic cells accumulation after retinal injury","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325846","article-title":"Metabolomic signature of retinal ageing, polygenetic susceptibility, and major health outcomes","volume":"109","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib62","article-title":"Senolytic and senomorphic agent procyanidin C1 alleviates structural and functional decline in the aged retina","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1983-z","article-title":"The LIFE-Adult-Study: objectives and design of a population-based cohort study with 10,000 deeply phenotyped adults in Germany","volume":"15","author":"Loeffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe","volume":"186","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.06.001","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of epigenetics","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018100811","article-title":"A single-cell transcriptome atlas of the adult human retina","volume":"38","author":"Lukowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.022","article-title":"Gene expression changes in aging retinal microglia: relationship to microglial support functions and regulation of activation","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.11.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced premature senescence dysregulates VEGF and CFH expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells: implications for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"7","author":"Marazita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33427-1","article-title":"High-resolution genome topology of human retina uncovers super enhancer-promoter interactions at tissue-specific and multifactorial disease loci","volume":"13","author":"Marchal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.3.34","article-title":"Determinants of macular layers and optic disc characteristics on SD-OCT: the Rhineland Study","volume":"8","author":"Mauschitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.8.8","article-title":"Identification of the metabolic signature of aging retina","volume":"13","author":"Mu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-021-00239-1","article-title":"Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets","volume":"8","author":"Nian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Vis. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-026-01573-y","article-title":"High-accuracy retinal age prediction via fundus-based multitask learning reveals the effect of systemic disease","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac065","article-title":"Retinal photograph-based deep learning predicts biological age, and stratifies morbidity and mortality risk","volume":"51","author":"Nusinovici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.082","article-title":"Integration of eQTL and a single-cell atlas in the human eye identifies causal genes for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"30","author":"Orozco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00124-1","article-title":"Impaired rod-mediated vision is the functional hallmark of aging and early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration","author":"Owsley","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.06.013","article-title":"Delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation is associated with incidence and early progression of age-related macular degeneration: Alabama Study on Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration 2","volume":"132","author":"Owsley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.041","article-title":"Delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation is a functional biomarker for incident early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"123","author":"Owsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.7.17","article-title":"How vision is impaired from aging to early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: insights from ALSTAR2 baseline","volume":"11","author":"Owsley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100859","article-title":"Secretory proteostasis of the retinal pigmented epithelium: impairment links to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"79","author":"Paraoan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.004","article-title":"Molecular classification and comparative taxonomics of foveal and peripheral cells in primate retina","volume":"176","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib82","series-title":"The Vertebrate Visual System","author":"Polyak","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.01.005","article-title":"Adaptation of the central retina for high acuity vision: cones, the fovea and the avascular zone","volume":"35","author":"Provis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2234","article-title":"Stimulation of the insulin\/mTOR pathway delays cone death in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"12","author":"Punzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.10.001","article-title":"The clinical relevance of visualising the peripheral retina","volume":"68","author":"Quinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0351-9","article-title":"Retinal transcriptome and eQTL analyses identify genes associated with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"51","author":"Ratnapriya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3629","article-title":"The impact of cellular metabolism on chromatin dynamics and epigenetics","volume":"19","author":"Reid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0048-x","article-title":"Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead","volume":"1","author":"Rudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.57.12.951","article-title":"New vessel formation beneath the retinal pigment epithelium in senile eyes","volume":"57","author":"Sarks","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.101029","article-title":"Inherited retinal diseases: linking genes, disease-causing variants, and relevant therapeutic modalities","volume":"89","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07887-2","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics reveals regionally altered gene expression that drives retinal degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Schumann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31707-4","article-title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic retinal pigment epithelium signatures of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Senabouth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.009","article-title":"Impaired cholesterol efflux in senescent macrophages promotes age-related macular degeneration","volume":"17","author":"Sene","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-091517-034425","article-title":"Microglia in the retina: roles in development, maturity, and disease","volume":"4","author":"Silverman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vision Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1370-x","article-title":"Microglia in the primate macula: specializations in microglial distribution and morphology with retinal position and with aging","volume":"222","author":"Singaravelu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"64","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001","article-title":"The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Stitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112189","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence in aging retina and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Terao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.6.17","article-title":"Implications of ocular confounding factors for aqueous humor proteomic and metabolomic analyses in retinal diseases","volume":"13","author":"Titz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2023.100343","article-title":"Comprehensive mass spectrometry lipidomics of human biofluids and ocular tissues","volume":"64","author":"Vasku","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003","article-title":"Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina","volume":"51","author":"Vecino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.05.001","article-title":"Molecular characterization of foveal versus peripheral human retina by single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"184","author":"Voigt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01747-2","article-title":"Multimodal spatiotemporal phenotyping of human retinal organoid development","volume":"41","author":"Wahle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.9.26","article-title":"Retinal transcriptome and cellular landscape in relation to the progression of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.4.32","article-title":"Retinal aging transcriptome and cellular landscape in association with the progression of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.11.005","article-title":"Complement activation and choriocapillaris loss in early AMD: implications for pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"45","author":"Whitmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI178296","article-title":"Complement regulation in the eye: implications for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"134","author":"Wilke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal0092","article-title":"Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice","volume":"355","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.3c00756","article-title":"Liquid biopsy proteomics in ophthalmology","volume":"23","author":"Wolf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.09.012","article-title":"Liquid-biopsy proteomics combined with AI identifies cellular drivers of eye aging and disease in vivo","volume":"186","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091241","article-title":"Suprachoroidal injection: a novel approach for targeted drug delivery","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00351.x","article-title":"Age-dependent accumulation of lipofuscin in perivascular and subretinal microglia in experimental mice","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66092-9","article-title":"Cell atlas of the human fovea and peripheral retina","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.101062","article-title":"Interpretable aging signatures in human retinal cell types revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing and sparse logistic regression","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-025-00796-9","article-title":"A scRNA-seq reference contrasting living and early post-mortem human retina across diverse donor states","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib118","article-title":"A single-cell transcriptome atlas of the aging human and macaque retina","volume":"8","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01751-7","article-title":"A cross population study of retinal aging biomarkers with longitudinal pre-training and label distribution learning","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57625-9","article-title":"Spatiotemporally resolved transcriptomics reveals the cellular dynamics of human retinal development","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319807","article-title":"Retinal age gap as a predictive biomarker for mortality risk","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Experimental Eye Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483526003994?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014483526003994?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:01:50Z","timestamp":1793142110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014483526003994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S0014483526003994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A new omics view of retinal aging: Cell-type vulnerability, spatial niches, and disease susceptibility","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Eye Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2026.111243","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111243"}}