{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:31:12Z","timestamp":1793457072865,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Gerontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:59:59Z","timestamp":1790693999000},"page":"113341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Infectious diseases and sarcopenia-related phenotypes: A phenome-wide Mendelian randomization study with exploratory proteomic analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Ang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqian","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9972","article-title":"CX3CR1 deficiency promotes muscle repair and regeneration by enhancing macrophage ApoE production","volume":"6","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2022.07.001","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome and sepsis: analogous clinical syndromes with distinct causes and challenges in management","volume":"36","author":"Athale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202402-0374SO","article-title":"Pathogenesis of post-tuberculosis lung disease: defining knowledge gaps and research priorities at the second international post-tuberculosis symposium","volume":"210","author":"Auld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04046-0","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?","volume":"357","author":"Balkwill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.006","article-title":"Inflammation and sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Bano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S247472","article-title":"Nerve growth factor signaling and its contribution to pain","volume":"13","author":"Barker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-3980-9","article-title":"Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Beaudart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13243","article-title":"Sarcopenia and health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Beaudart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","article-title":"Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data","volume":"37","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215597579","article-title":"A review of instrumental variable estimators for mendelian randomization","volume":"26","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15555.1","article-title":"Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023","volume":"4","author":"Burgess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102268","article-title":"Effectiveness of micronutrients supplement in patients with active tuberculosis on treatment: systematic review\/meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Cabrera Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9724","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16921","article-title":"Sepsis induces muscle atrophy by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis via PLK1-AKT signalling","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu023","article-title":"Cutpoints for low appendicular lean mass that identify older adults with clinically significant weakness","volume":"69","author":"Cawthon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0090","first-page":"5254","article-title":"Cathepsins and osteonecrosis: implications from European samples in the FinnGen and IEU OpenGWAS databases","volume":"29","author":"Chai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tissue Eng. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10557","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820466116","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 activation in astrocytes contributes to neuropathic pain","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01476-21","article-title":"iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis of human cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation in T98G cells","volume":"96","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.8.829","article-title":"Sarcopenia =\/= dynapenia","volume":"63","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1974","article-title":"The 1000 Genomes Project: data management and community access","volume":"9","author":"Clarke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281647","article-title":"KLB dysregulation mediates disrupted muscle development in intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"600","author":"Cortes-Araya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01760-0","article-title":"Exploring motor unit and neuromuscular junction dysfunction in aging and sarcopenia: insights from electromyography in systematic review","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45655-8","article-title":"PheWAS-based clustering of Mendelian randomisation instruments reveals distinct mechanism-specific causal effects between obesity and educational attainment","volume":"15","author":"Darrous","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1578202","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in viral infections: the interplay of glucose metabolism and immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Darweesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies","volume":"23","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx065","article-title":"Annexin A2 links poor myofiber repair with inflammation and adipogenic replacement of the injured muscle","volume":"26","author":"Defour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13169","article-title":"Approximation of bias and mean-squared error in two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses","volume":"76","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1139-9","article-title":"International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management","volume":"22","author":"Dent","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.09.048","article-title":"Postnatal skeletal muscle myogenesis governed by signal transduction networks: MAPKs and PI3K-Akt control multiple steps","volume":"682","author":"Endo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00978-w","article-title":"Large-scale integration of the plasma proteome with genetics and disease","volume":"53","author":"Ferkingstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00001","article-title":"Manipulation of the innate immune response by Varicella zoster virus","volume":"11","author":"Gerada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00582-z","article-title":"Pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus in the immunocompromised host","volume":"19","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4437","article-title":"The pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus","volume":"235","author":"Griffiths","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.941878","article-title":"Serum inflammatory cytokine levels in herpes zoster patients and their association with postherpetic neuralgia: a prospective study","volume":"29","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040047","article-title":"A MR-PheWAS and bidirectional Mendelian randomization study: exploring for causal relationships of pancreatic cancer","volume":"103","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","article-title":"Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption","volume":"46","author":"Hartwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2011.112","article-title":"The interplay between endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation","volume":"90","author":"Hasnain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3880","article-title":"Immune attack: the role of inflammation in Alzheimer disease","volume":"16","author":"Heppner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.081810","article-title":"Expression of granulysin in polymyositis and inclusion-body myositis","volume":"77","author":"Ikezoe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0220","article-title":"p38 MAPK, microglial signaling, and neuropathic pain","volume":"3","author":"Ji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00908-X","article-title":"P38 MAPK activation by NGF in primary sensory neurons after inflammation increases TRPV1 levels and maintains heat hyperalgesia","volume":"36","author":"Ji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0230","article-title":"Inflammation: roles in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152359","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of inflammation in sarcopenia: diagnosis and therapeutic update","volume":"11","author":"Jimenez-Gutierrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D353","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1092","article-title":"KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs","volume":"45","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094995","article-title":"Unraveling the connection: pain and endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"25","author":"Kawanaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2011.09.003","article-title":"NOD-like receptors and the innate immune system: coping with danger, damage and death","volume":"22","author":"Kersse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-025-01244-6","article-title":"The relationship of cytomegalovirus with physical functioning and health-related quality of life in older adults","volume":"16","author":"Kirkham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121747","article-title":"Analysis of tonsil tissues from patients diagnosed with chronic tonsillitis-microbiological profile, biofilm-forming capacity and histology","volume":"11","author":"Kosti\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","article-title":"FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population","volume":"613","author":"Kurki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00309-6","article-title":"Sphingolipids accumulate in aged muscle, and their reduction counteracts sarcopenia","volume":"2","author":"Laurila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2013.06.003","article-title":"The relationship between grip strength and muscle mass (MM), inflammatory biomarkers and physical performance in community-dwelling very old persons","volume":"57","author":"Legrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212534","article-title":"MR-PheWAS: exploring the causal effect of SUA level on multiple disease outcomes by using genetic instruments in UK Biobank","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0290","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory regulators and heart failure: a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"104","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0295","article-title":"COVID-19 and sarcopenia-related traits: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13867","article-title":"Peripheral and central pathogenesis of postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c00148","article-title":"Therapeutic targets for sepsis: multicenter proteome-wide analyses and experimental validation","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2023.08.001","article-title":"Genetically proxied sarcopenia-related muscle traits and depression: evidence from the FinnGen cohort","volume":"32","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000805","article-title":"Magnitude and factors associated with post-tuberculosis lung disease in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Maleche-Obimbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313889","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of recombinant herpes zoster vaccine in immunocompromised populations","volume":"19","author":"Marra","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0379-x","article-title":"Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12040569","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis and pulmonary rehabilitation: from novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches to management of post-tuberculosis sequelae","volume":"12","author":"Meca","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01186-2","article-title":"Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues","volume":"21","author":"Mihali\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16645","article-title":"MR-PheWAS: hypothesis prioritization among potential causal effects of body mass index on many outcomes, using Mendelian randomization","volume":"5","author":"Millard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007951","article-title":"Searching for the causal effects of body mass index in over 300 000 participants in UK Biobank, using Mendelian randomization","volume":"15","author":"Millard","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab084","article-title":"The use of two-sample methods for Mendelian randomization analyses on single large datasets","volume":"50","author":"Minelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.028","article-title":"Regulation of lysosomes in skeletal muscle during exercise, disuse and aging","volume":"225","author":"Moradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020753","article-title":"Immunosenescence and cytomegalovirus: exploring their connection in the context of aging, health, and disease","volume":"25","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01209-z","article-title":"Trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia: from pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"28","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D330","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1055","article-title":"The Gene Ontology Resource: 20 years and still GOing strong","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3434","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces the miR-33 locus to reprogram autophagy and host lipid metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Ouimet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020249","article-title":"Age-related dysfunction in proteostasis and cellular quality control in the development of sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Paez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1289537","article-title":"Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"14","author":"Pang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01334-0","article-title":"The genetic architecture of appendicular lean mass characterized by association analysis in the UK Biobank study","volume":"3","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13180","article-title":"Impaired phagocytic function in CX3CR1(+) tissue-resident skeletal muscle macrophages prevents muscle recovery after influenza A virus-induced pneumonia in old mice","volume":"19","author":"Runyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1782","article-title":"Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2","volume":"10","author":"Sabbah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5434","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9133","article-title":"Testing and correcting for weak and pleiotropic instruments in two-sample multivariable Mendelian randomization","volume":"40","author":"Sanderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00092-5","article-title":"Mendelian randomization","volume":"2","author":"Sanderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02555-3","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia and obesity on mortality in older adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection: automated deep learning body composition analysis in the NAPKON-SUEP cohort","volume":"53","author":"Schluessel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwad081","article-title":"The intersection of HIF-1\u03b1, O-GlcNAc, and skeletal muscle loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"33","author":"Sekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13582","article-title":"Sphingolipid metabolites as potential circulating biomarkers for sarcopenia in men","volume":"15","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/JIN25829","article-title":"The role of cytokines in postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement","volume":"326","author":"Skrivankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","article-title":"Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12896","article-title":"Skeletal muscle alterations in patients with acute Covid-19 and post-acute sequelae of Covid-19","volume":"13","author":"Soares","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-021-00290-8","article-title":"Increased levels of S100A8\/A9, IL-1\u00df and IL-18 as a novel biomarker for recurrent tonsillitis","volume":"18","author":"Spiekermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2009.001230","article-title":"International classification of diseases, 10th edition, clinical modification and procedure coding system: descriptive overview of the next generation HIPAA code sets","volume":"17","author":"Steindel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06592-6","article-title":"Plasma proteomic associations with genetics and health in the UK Biobank","volume":"622","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06366-w","article-title":"Multi-omic studies on the pathogenesis of sepsis","volume":"23","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1133355","article-title":"Inflammation balance in skeletal muscle damage and repair","volume":"14","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49874","article-title":"Discovery proteomics in aging human skeletal muscle finds change in spliceosome, immunity, proteostasis and mitochondria","volume":"8","author":"Ubaida-Mohien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-024-00500-y","article-title":"Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: a narrative review of evidences","volume":"43","author":"Vaishya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0500","first-page":"6","article-title":"Position statement. Part one: immune function and exercise","volume":"17","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad128","article-title":"Identifying potential causal effects of telomere length on health outcomes: a phenome-wide investigation and Mendelian randomization study","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.08.010","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors as emerging targets for treatment of pain","volume":"84","author":"Welch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16015","article-title":"Large-scale GWAS identifies multiple loci for hand grip strength providing biological insights into muscular fitness","volume":"8","author":"Willems","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-06684-0","article-title":"MRSamePopTest: introducing a simple falsification test for the two-sample mendelian randomisation \u2018same population\u2019 assumption","volume":"17","author":"Woolf","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0525","article-title":"ClusterProfiler 4.0: a universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation (Camb.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05142-8","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in skeletal muscle repair and regeneration: recent insights","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.2174\/0115665240275029240306045214","article-title":"CXCL13-neutralizing antibody alleviate chronic skeletal muscle degeneration in a mouse model","volume":"25","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.1107","article-title":"Skeletal muscle metabolic alternation develops sarcopenia","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003897","article-title":"Genetically proxied therapeutic inhibition of antihypertensive drug targets and risk of common cancers: a mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"19","author":"Yarmolinsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1696366","article-title":"Roles of cytokine storm in sepsis progression: biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"You","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0555","article-title":"Causal role of immune cells in muscle atrophy: mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12804","article-title":"Heritability estimates of muscle strength-related phenotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Zempo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115664","article-title":"Oxidative stress: roles in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100819","article-title":"Exploring effects of age at the onset of myopia on multiple diseases using electronic health records","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.041","article-title":"Changes in neurotrophic and inflammatory factors in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"637","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0580","article-title":"PTPRK promotes resiniferatoxin-induced postherpetic neuralgia via activating DUSP1\/p38 MAPK signaling pathway in dorsal root ganglia","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0585","article-title":"Bioinformatics and system biology approach to identify potential common pathogenesis for COVID-19 infection and sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0920049","article-title":"Influence of systemic immune and cytokine responses during the acute phase of zoster on the development of postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"}],"container-title":["Experimental Gerontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0531556526003207?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0531556526003207?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T13:51:20Z","timestamp":1793454680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0531556526003207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["S0531556526003207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341","relation":{},"ISSN":["0531-5565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0531-5565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Infectious diseases and sarcopenia-related phenotypes: A phenome-wide Mendelian randomization study with exploratory proteomic analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Gerontology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113341","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113341"}}