{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:38:56Z","timestamp":1791214736716,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4086,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","exphem.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,22]],"date-time":"2011-01-22T04:35:15Z","timestamp":1295670915000},"page":"446-456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Aisha L.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Sparreboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell E.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib1","first-page":"13172","article-title":"Hydroxyurea: an overview","author":"Stevens","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0708272","article-title":"Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell anemia","volume":"358","author":"Platt","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V67.3.735.735","article-title":"Hydroxyurea induction of hemoglobin F production in sickle cell disease: relationship between cytotoxicity and F cell production","volume":"67","author":"Dover","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.10.2555.2555","article-title":"Hydroxyurea: effects on hemoglobin F production in patients with sickle cell anemia [see comments]","volume":"79","author":"Charache","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505183322001","article-title":"Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia","volume":"332","author":"Charache","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib6","first-page":"1550","article-title":"Safety of hydroxyurea in children with sickle cell anemia: results of the hug-kids study, a phase I\/II trial","volume":"94","author":"Kinney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-07-2475","article-title":"Sustained long-term hematologic efficacy of hydroxyurea at maximum tolerated dose in children with sickle cell disease","volume":"103","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(68)90266-0","article-title":"Effect of hydroxyurea on ribonucleotide reductase","volume":"33","author":"Elford","year":"1968","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib9","first-page":"163","article-title":"The role of deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools in the inhibition of DNA-excision repair and replication in human cells by hydroxyurea","volume":"131","author":"Snyder","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316672","article-title":"Hydroxyurea induces fetal hemoglobin by the nitric oxide-dependent activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase","volume":"111","author":"Cokic","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5300","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-04-146852","article-title":"How I use hydroxyurea to treat young patients with sickle cell anemia","volume":"115","author":"Ware","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)27189-0","article-title":"The distribution, excretion, and metabolism of hydroxyurea-C14","volume":"150","author":"Adamson","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003256144","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of hydroxyurea in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of hiv-1-infected patients","volume":"43","author":"Gwilt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.5.1533","article-title":"A bioavailability and pharmacokinetic study of oral and intravenous hydroxyurea","volume":"91","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib15","first-page":"1685","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of hydroxyurea 1,000 mg coated breakable tablets and 500 mg capsules in pediatric and adult patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"91","author":"de Montalembert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709a","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V112.11.709.709","article-title":"Distinct phenotypes of hydroxyurea absorption among children with sickle cell anemia [abstract]","volume":"112","author":"Ware","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.1.10","article-title":"Predictors of fetal hemoglobin response in children with sickle cell anemia receiving hydroxyurea therapy","volume":"99","author":"Ware","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1139\/o87-120","article-title":"Hydroxy [14C]urea uptake by normal and transformed human cells: evidence for a mechanism of passive diffusion","volume":"65","author":"Tagger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26P","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1260026Pa","article-title":"Transport characteristics of two carcinostatic compounds, hydroxyurea and hadacidin, with rat small intestine [abstract]","volume":"126","author":"Evered","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(86)90385-2","article-title":"Evidence that the antitumor agent hydroxyurea enters mammalian cells by a diffusion mechanism","volume":"134","author":"Morgan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.68.2.127","article-title":"Water and nonelectrolyte permeability of lipid bilayer membranes","volume":"68","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2008.09.004","article-title":"The biological and clinical role of drug transporters at the intestinal barrier","volume":"35","author":"Oostendorp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-008-0312-9","article-title":"Recent progresses in the experimental methods and evaluation strategies of transporter functions for the prediction of the pharmacokinetics in humans","volume":"377","author":"Kitamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-009-9102-7","article-title":"Effects of drug transporters on volume of distribution","volume":"11","author":"Grover","year":"2009","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.06.051","article-title":"Implications of genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters for pharmacotherapy","volume":"234","author":"Kerb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1124-x","article-title":"The SLC14 gene family of urea transporters","volume":"447","author":"Shayakul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2007.04.010","article-title":"Comparative transport efficiencies of urea analogues through urea transporter UT-B","volume":"1768","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C121","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00444.2007","article-title":"Ubiquitination regulates the plasma membrane expression of renal UT-A urea transporters","volume":"295","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1021\/jm001020e","article-title":"High-throughput permeability pH profile and high-throughput alkane\/water log p with artificial membranes","volume":"44","author":"Wohnsland","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.011866","article-title":"Interactions of cyclosporin a\u00a0with\u00a0breast cancer resistance protein","volume":"35","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.82.1.1","article-title":"Urea permeability of human red cells","volume":"82","author":"Brahm","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"issue":"6449","key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/365844a0","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of the vasopressin-regulated urea transporter","volume":"365","author":"You","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19871101)60:9<2177::AID-CNCR2820600911>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Excretion of hydroxyurea into milk","volume":"60","author":"Sylvester","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9254-z","article-title":"Polyspecific organic cation transporters: structure, function, physiological roles, and biopharmaceutical implications","volume":"24","author":"Koepsell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08558","article-title":"Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of the kidney urea transporter","volume":"462","author":"Levin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119313","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of the urea transporter UT3: localization in rat kidney and testis","volume":"99","author":"Tsukaguchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F578","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00355.2001","article-title":"Urea transporters are distributed in endothelial cells and mediate inhibition of l-arginine transport","volume":"283","author":"Wagner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00430.x","article-title":"Impact of OATP transporters on pharmacokinetics","volume":"158","author":"Kalliokoski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Experimental Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301472X11000117?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301472X11000117?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T08:28:39Z","timestamp":1759566519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301472X11000117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0301472X11000117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-472X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-472X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.01.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 ISEH - Society for Hematology and Stem Cells. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}