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World prison population list. International Center for Prison Studies.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0001"},{"unstructured":"Ibid.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0002"},{"unstructured":"Sawyer W, Wagner P. Mass incarceration: the whole pie 2019. March 19, 2019. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2019.html. Accessed: 7 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0003"},{"unstructured":"Pel\u00e1ez V. The prison industry in the United States: big business or a new form of slavery? February 24, 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0004"},{"unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US\/IPE120217. Accessed: 7 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0005"},{"unstructured":"Prisoner percentage by race. Federal Bureau of Prisons. https:\/\/search.usa.gov\/search\/docs?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=bop.gov&sort_by=&query=prisoner+perccentage+by+race. Accessed: 7 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0006"},{"unstructured":"Carson A. Prisoners in 2016. (Updated 7 August 2018 to reflect revised numbers from Oklahoma) U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/p16.pdf. Accessed: 7 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0007"},{"unstructured":"Bail amounts by crime \u2013 how much for bail? BailBondsNetwork. https:\/\/bailbondsnetwork.com\/bail-amounts-how-much.html#17. Accessed: 9 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0008"},{"unstructured":"Pel\u00e1ez V. Loc Cit.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0009"},{"unstructured":"Does the U.S. Spend $80 billion a year on incarceration? Committee for A Responsible Federal Budget. 23 December 2015. https:\/\/www.crfb.org\/blogs\/us-spends-80-billion-year-incarceration. Accessed: 8 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0010"},{"unstructured":"Mills E. How much does it cost send someone to prison? Marketplace. https:\/\/www.marketplace.org\/2017\/05\/15\/world\/how-much-does-it-cost-send-someone-prison. Accessed: 8 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0011"},{"unstructured":"Sawyer W. How much do incarcerated people earn in each state? Prison Policy Initiative. 10 April 2017. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/2017\/04\/10\/wages\/. Accessed: 10 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0012"},{"unstructured":"Walia A. 7 household names making a killing off of the prison-industrial complex. Collective Evolution. 5 May 2016. https:\/\/www.collective-evolution.com\/2016\/05\/05\/7-household-names-making-a-killing-off-of-the-prison-industrial-complex\/. Accessed 11 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0013"},{"unstructured":"Ibid.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0014"},{"unstructured":"The Onshore Advantage. The Unicor Services Business Group. https:\/\/www.unicor.gov\/publications\/services\/CATS3103_C.pdf. Accessed: 11 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0015"},{"unstructured":"Ackerman S, Rawnsley A. $800 million in taxpayer money went to private prisons where migrants work for pennies. The Daily Beast. 12.27.18 4:40 AM ET. https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/dollar800-million-in-taxpayer-money-went-to-private-prisons-where-migrants-work-for-pennies. Accessed: 27 December 2018.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0016"},{"unstructured":"Frankel M. Student loans vs. credit cards: which to pay off first? The Motley Fool. March 20, 2018 at 6:22AM. https:\/\/www.fool.com\/investing\/2018\/03\/20\/student-loans-vs-credit-cards-which-to-pay-off-fir.aspx. Accessed: 8 April 2019","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0017"},{"unstructured":"Watkins E. Report: half of US adults have immediate family member who has been in jail or prison. CNN. Mon December 31, 2018. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2018\/12\/06\/politics\/fwd-report-family-incarceration\/index.html. Accessed: 9 April 2019.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0018"},{"unstructured":"Ibid.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0019"},{"unstructured":"Ingraham C. The U.S. has more jails than colleges. Here's a map of where those prisoners live. The Washington Post, January 6, 2015. http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/blogs\/wonkblog\/wp\/2015\/01\/06\/the-u-s-has-more-jails-than-colleges-heres-a-map-of-where-those-prisoners-live\/. Accessed: 6 January 2015.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0020"},{"unstructured":"Casella J, Ridgeway J. How many prisoners are in solitary confinement in the United States? Solitary Watch. 1 February 2012. https:\/\/www.schwartzreport.net\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=12510&action=edit. Accessed: 1 February 12.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0021"},{"unstructured":"Nolan D. and Amico C. Solitary by the numbers. frontline\/PBS 18 April 2017. http:\/\/apps.frontline.org\/solitary-by-the-numbers\/. Accessed: 18 April 2017.","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009_bib0022"}],"container-title":["EXPLORE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1550830719302332?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1550830719302332?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T08:31:40Z","timestamp":1761553900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1550830719302332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1550830719302332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-8307"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-8307"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Gulag: America's Moral Cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"EXPLORE","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2019.04.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}