{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T16:47:42Z","timestamp":1765039662616,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EXPLORE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T22:59:57Z","timestamp":1762210797000},"page":"103279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Massage and electroacupuncture as a combined method versus epidural analgesia for chronic low back pain management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9406-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotini","family":"Papanikolaou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metaxia","family":"Bareka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Karatzaferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgos K.","family":"Sakkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Roka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2958-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Liampas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mairy","family":"Gouva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Arnaoutoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10258","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Diseases","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.07.012","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with non-specific chronic low back pain in community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years and older: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"10070","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"389","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.016659","article-title":"Low back pain investigations and prognosis: a review","volume":"40","author":"Refshauge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221142264","article-title":"Interventional minimally invasive treatments for chronic low back pain caused by lumbar facet joint syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S386879","article-title":"The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of Interventional Treatments for low back Pain","volume":"15","author":"Sayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0007","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation and pain neuroscience education in the cognitive-affective treatment of chronic low back pain: evidence and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Alcon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0008","article-title":"Pharmacological treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews","volume":"4","author":"Cashin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-022-00435-3","article-title":"Systematic review of guideline-recommended medications prescribed for treatment of low back pain","volume":"30","author":"Price","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010231","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections for low back pain: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Carassiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07378-6","article-title":"Interventions for promoting evidence-based guideline-consistent surgery in low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Belavy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2019.0448","article-title":"Use of complementary health approaches for chronic low-back pain: a pain research registry-based study","volume":"26","author":"Licciardone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00919-y","article-title":"Acupuncture for the management of low back pain","volume":"25","author":"Urits","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0107","article-title":"Effects of chiropractic care on strength, balance, and endurance in active-duty U.S. Military personnel with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Vining","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04251-3","article-title":"Exploring expectations and perceptions of different manual therapy techniques in chronic low back pain: a qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"Plank","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0016","first-page":"233","article-title":"Chronic low back pain in adults: evaluation and management","volume":"109","author":"Maharty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2459","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic therapies for low back pain: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians clinical Practice guideline","volume":"166","author":"Chou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1679","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment recommendations for neck and low back pain across Europe: a systematic review of guidelines","volume":"25","author":"Corp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0019","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Epidural Interventions in the management of chronic spinal pain: american society of interventional pain physicians (ASIPP) Comprehensive evidence-based Guidelines","volume":"24","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E363","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E363","article-title":"The effectiveness of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain","volume":"15","author":"Benyamin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0021","unstructured":"Sanchez M.G., Riveros Perez E. Epidural (Archived). StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: efrain Riveros Perez declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32119437."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2024.7.341","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness and safety of Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone and Betamethasone in Lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections","volume":"27","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_541_20","article-title":"To compare the analgesic efficacy of two different doses of epidural ketamine in chronic low back-pain patients: a randomised double-blind study","volume":"64","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00900-9","article-title":"Complications associated with lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.11.003","article-title":"Benefits and harms of treatments for chronic nonspecific low back pain without radiculopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Feise","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07468-0","article-title":"Recent clinical practice guidelines for the management of low back pain: a global comparison","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01412-8","article-title":"Effects of exercise therapy in patients with acute low back pain: a systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"9","author":"Karlsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1155225","article-title":"Exercise intervention for patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"194","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Complementary and alternative therapies for back pain II","author":"Furlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03212-3","article-title":"Acupuncture in chronic aspecific low back pain: a Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Baroncini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001929.pub2","article-title":"Massage for low-back pain","author":"Furlan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067718","article-title":"Psychological interventions for chronic, non-specific low back pain: systematic review with network meta-analysis","volume":"376","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-5391.2010.01086.x","article-title":"Revised STandards for reporting interventions in clinical trials of acupuncture (STRICTA): extending the CONSORT statement","volume":"3","author":"MacPherson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.06.025","article-title":"Electroacupuncture analgesia with different frequencies is mediated via different opioid pathways in acute visceral hyperalgesia rats","volume":"160","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.238620","article-title":"High-frequency (50 Hz) electroacupuncture ameliorates cognitive impairment in rats with amyloid beta 1-42-induced Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2003.02049.x","article-title":"Effect of St John's wort on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, N-acetyltransferase 2, and xanthine oxidase in healthy males and females","volume":"57","author":"Wenk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.18.3.205","article-title":"The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain","volume":"18","author":"Kelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02667.x","article-title":"Does the clinically significant difference in visual analog scale pain scores vary with gender, age, or cause of pain?","volume":"5","author":"Kelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew466","article-title":"Measuring acute postoperative pain using the visual analog scale: the minimal clinically important difference and patient acceptable symptom state","volume":"118","author":"Myles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025854","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of regulating the hypothalamic cortical hormone releasing hormone\/corticotropin releasing hormone type I receptor pathway by vibro-annular abdominal massage under the brain-intestine interaction in the treatment of insomnia","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-05118-8","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of different acupuncture methods on chronic nonspecific low back pain: a network meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S421855","article-title":"Current status of research on Tuina for Analgesia: a bibliometric and visual analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.1994.3.6.292","article-title":"Use of massage in clinical practice","volume":"3","author":"Malkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-021-01995-4","article-title":"Massage and touch-based therapy : clinical evidence, neurobiology and applications in older patients with psychiatric symptoms","volume":"54","author":"Kopf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2023.151701","article-title":"Massaging as a pain-relieving intervention before performing intravenous access","volume":"72","author":"Bumin Aydin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2022.2118449","article-title":"Expectations affect pain sensitivity changes during massage","volume":"31","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0048","first-page":"108","article-title":"The efficacy of acupuncture and acupoint massage in enhancing lumbar mobility and alleviating pain in individuals with lumbar disc herniation","volume":"30","author":"Gan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment For Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update","author":"Skelly","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0049"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01398-3","article-title":"Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for non-specific chronic low back pain: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0051","article-title":"Retracted: observation on the curative effect of massage manipulation combined with core strength training in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain","volume":"2023","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7534577","article-title":"Observation on the curative effect of massage manipulation combined with core strength training in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain","volume":"2021","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0053","first-page":"E159","article-title":"Caudal epidural injections in the management of chronic low back pain: a systematic appraisal of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Parr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099878","article-title":"What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.897247","article-title":"Therapeutic alliance as active inference: the role of Therapeutic touch and biobehavioural synchrony in musculoskeletal care","volume":"16","author":"McParlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0056","article-title":"The combination of electroacupuncture and massage therapy alleviates myofibroblast transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix production in blunt trauma-induced skeletal muscle fibrosis","volume":"2021","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-010-1001-7","article-title":"Back massage therapy promotes psychological relaxation and an increase in salivary chromogranin A release","volume":"24","author":"Noto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2014.07.002","article-title":"Massage therapy research review","volume":"20","author":"Field","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450590956459","article-title":"Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy","volume":"115","author":"Field","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00430-5","article-title":"Correction to: the mechanism of electroacupuncture for depression on basic research: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181564","article-title":"Changes in BDNF concentration in men after foam roller massage","volume":"13","author":"Murawska-Cialowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113650","article-title":"Actions of brain-derived neurotrophin factor in the neurogenesis and neuronal function, and its involvement in the pathophysiology of brain diseases","volume":"19","author":"Numakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2014.04.001","article-title":"Modulatory effects of aromatherapy massage intervention on electroencephalogram, psychological assessments, salivary cortisol and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0850-7","article-title":"Efficacy of acupuncture and electroacupuncture in patients with nonspecific low back pain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Comachio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-3044-2","article-title":"Central mechanisms of real and sham electroacupuncture in the treatment of chronic low back pain: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2023.26.161","article-title":"Effect of different frequencies of electroacupuncture on chronic low back pain in older adults: a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3813-6","article-title":"Effects of electroacupuncture frequencies on chronic low back pain in older adults: triple-blind, 12-months protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Francescato Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0068","first-page":"145","article-title":"Comparison of clinical efficacy of epidural injection with or without steroids in the treatment of degenerative disc disease: meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S669","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_89_23","article-title":"Efficacy of caudal epidural steroid injections in chronic low backache patients","volume":"15","author":"Goel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00249-w","article-title":"Common clinical practice for low back pain treatment: a modified Delphi study","volume":"10","author":"Varrassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0071","first-page":"71","article-title":"A review of the analgesic benefi ts and potential complications related to epidural corticosteroid injections","volume":"87","author":"Gegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"AANA J"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033628","article-title":"Clinical outcome measures reporting in randomized trials evaluating Tuina therapy for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"102","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220962440","article-title":"Can acupuncture improve chronic spinal pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Tuina for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-1072-1","article-title":"Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain","volume":"15","author":"Airaksinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-021-00714-3","article-title":"Reporting violations of European Charter of Patients' Rights: analysis of patient complaints in Croatia","volume":"22","author":"Karacic","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2023.134272","article-title":"Management of chronic low back pain: news on the lumbar medial branch block and the importance of the biopsychosocial model","volume":"55","author":"Nisolle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610145","article-title":"Biopsychosocial factors for chronicity in individuals with non-specific low back pain: an umbrella review","volume":"19","author":"Otero-Ketterer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462313000342","article-title":"Epidural steroid injection therapy for low back pain: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105227","article-title":"Clinical guidelines and care pathway for management of low back pain with or without radicular pain","volume":"88","author":"Bailly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jt Bone Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet172","article-title":"Low back and radicular pain: a pathway for care developed by the British Pain Society","volume":"111","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"}],"container-title":["EXPLORE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1550830725001703?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1550830725001703?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T16:37:45Z","timestamp":1765039065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1550830725001703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1550830725001703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-8307"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-8307"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Massage and electroacupuncture as a combined method versus epidural analgesia for chronic low back pain management","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"EXPLORE","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2025.103279","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103279"}}