{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T10:49:54Z","timestamp":1794048594440,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,19]],"date-time":"2012-01-19T07:29:31Z","timestamp":1326958171000},"page":"72-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":457,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Axon degeneration in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"246","author":[{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0005","series-title":"Movement Disorders 2","first-page":"166","article-title":"Biochemistry of neurotransmitters in Parkinson's disease","author":"Agid","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200808042","article-title":"Wlds requires Nmnat1 enzymatic activity and N16-VCP interactions to suppress Wallerian degeneration","volume":"184","author":"Avery","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4065-10.2011","article-title":"Axonal degeneration is mediated by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore","volume":"31","author":"Barrientos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90175-5","article-title":"Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations","volume":"20","author":"Bernheimer","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077209","article-title":"Mutations in the DJ-1 gene associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism","volume":"299","author":"Bonifati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5<819::AID-MDS1009>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Influence of strict, intermediate, and broad diagnostic criteria on the age- and sex-specific incidence of Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Bower","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00208-6","article-title":"Extensive axonal Lewy neurites in Parkinson's disease: a novel pathological feature revealed by alpha-synuclein immunocytochemistry","volume":"265","author":"Braak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-010-0465-0","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics, cell death and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Bueler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21541","article-title":"A critical evaluation of the Braak staging scheme for Parkinson's disease","volume":"64","author":"Burke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19990401)56:1<28::AID-JNR4>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Influence of MPP+ on the state of tubulin polymerisation in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells","volume":"56","author":"Cappelletti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.07.058","article-title":"The parkinsonism producing neurotoxin MPP+ affects microtubule dynamics by acting as a destabilising factor","volume":"579","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06924.x","article-title":"Microtubule dysfunction precedes transport impairment and mitochondria damage in MPP+-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"115","author":"Cartelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22801","article-title":"A molecular basis for the increased vulnerability of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in aging and Parkinson's disease","volume":"25","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2132-07.2008","article-title":"Antiapoptotic and trophic effects of dominant-negative forms of dual leucine zipper kinase in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra in vivo","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06632.x","article-title":"The Wld(S) mutation delays anterograde, but not retrograde, axonal degeneration of the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway in vivo","volume":"113","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21995","article-title":"Clinical progression in Parkinson disease and the neurobiology of axons","volume":"67","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5519-10.2011","article-title":"Akt suppresses retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic axons by inhibition of macroautophagy","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15136","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807581105","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex I inhibition is not required for dopaminergic neuron death induced by rotenone, MPP+, or paraquat","volume":"105","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201009132","article-title":"Loss of mitochondrial complex I activity potentiates dopamine neuron death induced by microtubule dysfunction in a Parkinson's disease model","volume":"192","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153248","article-title":"Wallerian degeneration, wld(s), and nmnat","volume":"33","author":"Coleman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02255-5","article-title":"Axon pathology in neurological disease: a neglected therapeutic target","volume":"25","author":"Coleman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200807175","article-title":"Wld S protein requires Nmnat activity and a short N-terminal sequence to protect axons in mice","volume":"184","author":"Conforti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00568-3","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and models","volume":"39","author":"Dauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341769.50075.bb","article-title":"Incidence and remaining lifetime risk of Parkinson disease in advanced age","volume":"72","author":"Driver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10279","article-title":"Novel antibodies to synuclein show abundant striatal pathology in Lewy body diseases","volume":"52","author":"Duda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9126","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09126.2000","article-title":"Protection by synergistic effects of adenovirus-mediated X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene transfer in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01485901","article-title":"Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behavior in diseases of the extrapyramidal system","volume":"38","author":"Ehringer","year":"1960","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10367","article-title":"Medial forebrain bundle axotomy during development induces apoptosis in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and activation of caspases in their degenerating axons","volume":"452","author":"El-Khodor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0150","first-page":"IV37","article-title":"Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression of Parkinson's disease?","volume":"252","author":"Fahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10846","article-title":"Comparison of kindreds with parkinsonism and alpha-synuclein genomic multiplications","volume":"55","author":"Farrer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.5.2283","article-title":"Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity","volume":"114","author":"Fearnley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-010-0021-2","article-title":"Wld(S), Nmnats and axon degeneration\u2014progress in the past two decades","volume":"1","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01333.2000","article-title":"Evidence that Wallerian degeneration and localized axon degeneration induced by local neurotrophin deprivation do not involve caspases","volume":"20","author":"Finn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14071","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R109.094003","article-title":"Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR): conducting the cellular signaling symphony","volume":"285","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441002","article-title":"Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease","volume":"344","author":"Freed","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22284","article-title":"Age-specific progression of nigrostriatal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"69","author":"Fuente-Fernandez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.23.13450","article-title":"Axon pathology in Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia hippocampus contains alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein","volume":"96","author":"Galvin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq132","article-title":"SNARE protein redistribution and synaptic failure in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"133","author":"Garcia-Reitbock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.4.584","article-title":"Motor score of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale as a good predictor of Lewy body-associated neuronal loss in the substantia nigra","volume":"63","author":"Greffard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20090007","article-title":"Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations and Parkinson's disease: three questions","volume":"1","author":"Greggio","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.05.017","article-title":"Wld(S) mice are protected against the Parkinsonian mimetic MPTP","volume":"202","author":"Hasbani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9428","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0130-05.2005","article-title":"Dopamine depletion does not protect against acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Hasbani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-009-9257-z","article-title":"The role of dopamine oxidation in mitochondrial dysfunction: implications for Parkinson's disease","volume":"41","author":"Hastings","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4564-03.2004","article-title":"Regulation of dopaminergic loss by Fas in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Hayley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90180-V","article-title":"Selective retention of MPP+ within the monoaminergic systems of the primate brain following MPTP administration: an in vivo autoradiographic study","volume":"40","author":"Herkenham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2_Suppl_2.S2","article-title":"Biochemical aspects of Parkinson's disease","volume":"51","author":"Hornykiewicz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0370217","article-title":"A complex interplay between Akt, TSC2 and the two mTOR complexes","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.08.057","article-title":"Non-apoptotic neurite degeneration in apoptotic neuronal death: pivotal role of mitochondrial function in neurites","volume":"122","author":"Ikegami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00481-6","article-title":"A neuropathological study of the disturbance of the nigro-amygdaloid connections in brains from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"185","author":"Iseki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90302-X","article-title":"The precursor protein of non-A\u00e1 component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid is a presynaptic protein of the central nervous system","volume":"14","author":"Iwai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070209","article-title":"LRRK2 phosphorylates moesin at threonine-558: characterization of how Parkinson's disease mutants affect kinase activity","volume":"405","author":"Jaleel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.01.017","article-title":"mTOR regulation of autophagy","volume":"584","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22383","article-title":"Dopaminergic pathway reconstruction by Akt\/Rheb-induced axon regeneration","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7212","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0711-11.2011","article-title":"The Parkinsonian mimetic, MPP+, specifically impairs mitochondrial transport in dopamine axons","volume":"31","author":"Kim-Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198804073181402","article-title":"Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Pathophysiologic and clinical implications","volume":"318","author":"Kish","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/33416","article-title":"Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism","volume":"392","author":"Kitada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4564-06.2007","article-title":"Presynaptic alpha-synuclein aggregates, not Lewy bodies, cause neurodegeneration in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"27","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0298-106","article-title":"Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease [letter]","volume":"18","author":"Kruger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.7.1253","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and megacolon: concentric hyaline inclusions (Lewy bodies) in enteric ganglion cells","volume":"37","author":"Kupsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.051011","article-title":"mTOR signaling at a glance","volume":"122","author":"Laplante","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8951","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-20-08951.2002","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons involves autophagy and upregulation of dopamine synthesis","volume":"22","author":"Larsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200004)47:4<493::AID-ANA13>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"In vivo positron emission tomographic evidence for compensatory changes in presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminals in Parkinson's disease","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60492-X","article-title":"Parkinson's disease","volume":"373","author":"Lees","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700221","article-title":"Axonal degeneration of nigra-striatum dopaminergic neurons induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2349","article-title":"Mutant LRRK2(R1441G) BAC transgenic mice recapitulate cardinal features of Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.08.015","article-title":"Mitochondria mass is low in mouse substantia nigra dopamine neurons: implications for Parkinson's disease","volume":"203","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2603","article-title":"PTEN deletion enhances the regenerative ability of adult corticospinal neurons","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38581","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005385200","article-title":"The parkinsonism-inducing drug 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium triggers intracellular dopamine oxidation. A novel mechanism of toxicity","volume":"275","author":"Lotharius","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00771.x","article-title":"Absence of wallerian degeneration does not hinder regeneration in peripheral nerve","volume":"1","author":"Lunn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00100-7","article-title":"Correlation between neuromorphometry in the substantia nigra and clinical features in Parkinson's disease using disector counts","volume":"151","author":"Ma","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10359","article-title":"Dyskinesia after fetal cell transplantation for parkinsonism: a PET study","volume":"52","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/nn770","article-title":"Wallerian degeneration of injured axons and synapses is delayed by a Ube4b\/Nmnat chimeric gene","volume":"4","author":"Mack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.10.008","article-title":"The familial Parkinsonism gene LRRK2 regulates neurite process morphology","volume":"52","author":"MacLeod","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001433","article-title":"Protection by the NDI1 gene against neurodegeneration in a rotenone rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"3","author":"Marella","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-08-02804.1988","article-title":"Synuclein: a neuron-specific protein localized to the nucleus and presynaptic nerve terminal","volume":"8","author":"Maroteaux","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91006-V","article-title":"Parkinson's disease","volume":"335","author":"Marsden","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4029-08.2009","article-title":"Single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons form widely spread and highly dense axonal arborizations in the neostriatum","volume":"29","author":"Matsuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:28:3:209","article-title":"Time-course of nigrostriatal degeneration in a progressive MPTP-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"28","author":"Meissner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.009","article-title":"Constitutive Ret signaling is protective for dopaminergic cell bodies but not for axonal terminals","volume":"32","author":"Mijatovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611231104","article-title":"1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium affects fast axonal transport by activation of caspase and protein kinase C","volume":"104","author":"Morfini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2010.12.009","article-title":"Loss of striatal dopaminergic terminals during the early stage in response to MPTP injection in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"69","author":"Muroyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310432.92489.90","article-title":"Functional imaging in Parkinson disease","volume":"70","author":"Nandhagopal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07767","article-title":"APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases","volume":"457","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0425","first-page":"S101","article-title":"Why have we failed to achieve neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease?","volume":"64","author":"Olanow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm302","article-title":"Axonal alpha-synuclein aggregates herald centripetal degeneration of cardiac sympathetic nerve in Parkinson's disease","volume":"131","author":"Orimo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.143.2.443","article-title":"Suppression of radixin and moesin alters growth cone morphology, motility, and process formation in primary cultured neurons","volume":"143","author":"Paglini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.023","article-title":"Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson's disease","volume":"44","author":"Paisan-Ruiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.1.30","article-title":"The absolute number of nerve cells in substantia nigra in normal subjects and in patients with Parkinson's disease estimated with an unbiased stereological method","volume":"54","author":"Pakkenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20268","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein promoter confers susceptibility to Parkinson's disease","volume":"56","author":"Pals","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13971","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3799-09.2009","article-title":"Phosphorylation of ezrin\/radixin\/moesin proteins by LRRK2 promotes the rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton in neuronal morphogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Parisiadou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1161566","article-title":"Promoting axon regeneration in the adult CNS by modulation of the PTEN\/mTOR pathway","volume":"322","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05217.x","article-title":"Role of autophagy in G2019S-LRRK2-associated neurite shortening in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"105","author":"Plowey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","article-title":"Mutation in the \u00e0-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's Disease","volume":"276","author":"Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0525-08.2008","article-title":"Nmnat delays axonal degeneration caused by mitochondrial and oxidative stress","volume":"28","author":"Press","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068613","article-title":"Axonal self-destruction and neurodegeneration","volume":"296","author":"Raff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.11.1092","article-title":"Dysautonomia in Parkinsonism: a clinicopathological study","volume":"39","author":"Rajput","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl133","article-title":"Obligatory role for complex I inhibition in the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)","volume":"95","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01249445","article-title":"Time course of nigrostriatal degeneration in parkinson's disease. A detailed study of influential factors in human brain amine analysis","volume":"38","author":"Riederer","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606401103","article-title":"Oncoprotein Akt\/PKB: Trophic effects in murine models of Parkinson's Disease","volume":"103","author":"Ries","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05713.x","article-title":"JNK2 and JNK3 combined are essential for apoptosis in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, but are not required for axon degeneration","volume":"107","author":"Ries","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.01.053","article-title":"Wlds-mediated protection of dopaminergic fibers in an animal model of Parkinson disease","volume":"14","author":"Sajadi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5525","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5469-08.2009","article-title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase-mediated axonal protection requires enzymatic activity but not increased levels of neuronal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide","volume":"29","author":"Sasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260409","article-title":"Striatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson's disease: role of aging","volume":"26","author":"Scherman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34451","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202099200","article-title":"The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induces apoptosis in mouse nigrostriatal glia. Relevance to nigral neuronal death and striatal neurochemical changes","volume":"277","author":"Serra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611227104","article-title":"1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium induces synaptic dysfunction through a pathway involving caspase and PKCdelta enzymatic activities","volume":"104","author":"Serulle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10756","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-34-10756.2003","article-title":"Mechanism of toxicity in rotenone models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Sherer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130242","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: genetics and pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Shulman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509567103","article-title":"Lewy bodies","volume":"103","author":"Shults","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090278","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson's disease","volume":"302","author":"Singleton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"\u00e0-Synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6469","article-title":"alpha-synuclein in filamentous inclusions of lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"95","author":"Spillantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(10)83004-3","article-title":"What causes the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease?","volume":"183","author":"Surmeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4965-05.2006","article-title":"Pathological changes in dopaminergic nerve cells of the substantia nigra and olfactory bulb in mice transgenic for truncated human alpha-synuclein(1\u2013120): implications for Lewy body disorders","volume":"26","author":"Tofaris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3779","article-title":"The interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy","volume":"14","author":"Twig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096284","article-title":"Hereditary early-onset Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in PINK1","volume":"304","author":"Valente","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.033","article-title":"Exogenous alpha-synuclein fibrils induce Lewy body pathology leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuron death","volume":"72","author":"Volpicelli-Daley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000113469","article-title":"Neuropathology of autonomic nervous system in Parkinson's disease","volume":"38","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687767","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: the presence of Lewy bodies in Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses","volume":"76","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4304-08.2009","article-title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase expression in mitochondrial matrix delays Wallerian degeneration","volume":"29","author":"Yahata","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19793","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C600028200","article-title":"Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling by a gain-of-function mutant of the Rheb GTPase","volume":"281","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05914.x","article-title":"Induction of autophagy in neurite degeneration of mouse superior cervical ganglion neurons","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10795","article-title":"The new mutation, E46K, of alpha-synuclein causes Parkinson and Lewy body dementia","volume":"55","author":"Zarranz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10135","article-title":"Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"474","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.11.005","article-title":"Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology","volume":"44","author":"Zimprich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["Experimental Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014488612000313?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014488612000313?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,22]],"date-time":"2019-06-22T13:56:46Z","timestamp":1561211806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014488612000313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["S0014488612000313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4886","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Axon degeneration in Parkinson's disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Neurology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}