{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:15:11Z","timestamp":1787318111630,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,4]],"date-time":"2017-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486166400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":340,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DM102465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM102465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,16]],"date-time":"2016-01-16T14:06:03Z","timestamp":1452953163000},"page":"268-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Neuroinflammation in primary blast neurotrauma: Time course and prevention by torso shielding"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Leyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele L.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raleigh M.","family":"Linville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayushi","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7943-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangui","family":"Mbuguiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brock A.","family":"Wester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassilis E.","family":"Koliatsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/a04a7468-d105-42f3-ba47-263ea2864681","article-title":"Long-term upregulation of inflammation and suppression of cell proliferation in the brain of adult rats exposed to traumatic brain injury using the controlled cortical impact model","volume":"8","author":"Acosta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009854","article-title":"Intravenous bone marrow stem cell grafts preferentially migrate to spleen and abrogate chronic inflammation in stroke","author":"Acosta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21661","article-title":"The spleen contributes to stroke-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"86","author":"Ajmo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.12.030","article-title":"Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes","volume":"565","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.75","article-title":"Repeated mild traumatic brain injury causes chronic neuroinflammation, changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and associated cognitive deficits","volume":"34","author":"Aungst","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5399-12.2013","article-title":"The p38alpha MAPK regulates microglial responsiveness to diffuse traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Bachstetter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10144","article-title":"Visualising microglial activation in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Banati","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0040","first-page":"S104","article-title":"Military traumatic brain and spinal column injury: a 5-year study of the impact blast and other military grade weaponry on the central nervous system","volume":"66","author":"Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.01.055","article-title":"Role of GFAP in CNS injuries","volume":"565","author":"Brenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.08.058","article-title":"Morphological and genetic activation of microglia after diffuse traumatic brain injury in the rat","volume":"225","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199907000-00021","article-title":"Blast injury from explosive munitions","volume":"47","author":"Cernak","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.10.025","article-title":"The pathobiology of blast injuries and blast-induced neurotrauma as identified using a new experimental model of injury in mice","volume":"41","author":"Cernak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.012","article-title":"Military traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"10","author":"Chapman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-98","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed","volume":"11","author":"Cherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.10.019","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and brain atrophy in former NFL players: an in vivo multimodal imaging pilot study","volume":"74","author":"Coughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200008030-00047","article-title":"Cell activation and inflammatory response following traumatic axonal injury in the rat","volume":"11","author":"Csuka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.04.049","article-title":"In vivo imaging reveals rapid morphological reactions of astrocytes towards focal lesions in an ALS mouse model","volume":"497","author":"Dibaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.125625","article-title":"Detection of microglial activation in an acute model of neuroinflammation using PET and radiotracers 11C-(R)-PK11195 and 18F-GE-180","volume":"55","author":"Dickens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.06.037","article-title":"Axonal lesion-induced microglial proliferation and microglial cluster formation in the mouse","volume":"149","author":"Dissing-Olesen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-012-0164-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: beneficial and detrimental effects after traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Finnie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1997.tb01305.x","article-title":"The diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury: implications for forensic practice","volume":"23","author":"Geddes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.027","article-title":"Long-term intracerebral inflammatory response after traumatic brain injury","volume":"146","author":"Gentleman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0115","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model","volume":"4","author":"Goldstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091004","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027873","article-title":"Significant head accelerations can influence immediate neurological impairments in a murine model of blast-induced traumatic brain injury","volume":"136","author":"Gullotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00030","article-title":"Microglia activation as a biomarker for traumatic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Hernandez-Ontiveros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1223","article-title":"Blockade of acute microglial activation by minocycline promotes neuroprotection and reduces locomotor hyperactivity after closed head injury in mice: a twelve-week follow-up study","volume":"27","author":"Homsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws322","article-title":"Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury","volume":"136","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181588245","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory responses after experimental diffuse traumatic brain injury","volume":"66","author":"Kelley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182189f06","article-title":"A mouse model of blast injury to brain: initial pathological, neuropathological, and behavioral characterization","volume":"70","author":"Koliatsos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.15.62","article-title":"Stem cell therapies for traumatic brain injury","author":"Koliatsos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.008","article-title":"Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury: opportunities for therapeutic intervention","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0160","first-page":"141","article-title":"Immediate splenectomy decreases mortality and improves cognitive function of rats after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.06.011","article-title":"Transformation from a neuroprotective to a neurotoxic microglial phenotype in a mouse model of ALS","volume":"237","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0484","article-title":"Explosive blast neurotrauma","volume":"26","author":"Ling","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.07.002","article-title":"Role of microglia in neurotrauma","volume":"7","author":"Loane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0180","first-page":"101","article-title":"Inflammatory response in acute traumatic brain injury: a double-edged sword","volume":"8","author":"Morganti-Kossmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24064","article-title":"Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model","volume":"75","author":"Mouzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2013","article-title":"Astrocyte reactivity and reactive astrogliosis: costs and benefits","volume":"94","author":"Pekny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.12.071","article-title":"The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis","volume":"565","author":"Pekny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01139-9","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function","volume":"20","author":"Ridet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70161-3","article-title":"Blast-related traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0153-3","article-title":"The problem of axonal injury in the brains of veterans with histories of blast exposure","volume":"2","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31821f891f","article-title":"Repetitive closed-skull traumatic brain injury in mice causes persistent multifocal axonal injury and microglial reactivity","volume":"70","author":"Shitaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2055","article-title":"Minocycline restores olfactory bulb volume and olfactory behavior after traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"29","author":"Siopi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405278321","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes in neural repair and protection","volume":"11","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1136(200103)33:3<256::AID-GLIA1024>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Dynamics of microglial activation: a confocal time-lapse analysis in hippocampal slices","volume":"33","author":"Stence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91302-H","article-title":"Morphological transformation of microglia in vitro","volume":"545","author":"Suzumura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2425-13.2014","article-title":"Intravenous transplants of human adipose-derived stem cell protect the brain from traumatic brain injury-induced neurodegeneration and motor and cognitive impairments: cell graft biodistribution and soluble factors in young and aged rats","volume":"34","author":"Tajiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.11.004","article-title":"Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury with impact acceleration in the mouse: multifocal axonopathy, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in the visual system","volume":"275","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.08.014","article-title":"Evidence for accelerated tauopathy in the retina of transgenic P301S tau mice exposed to repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"273","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23228","article-title":"Novel objective classification of reactive microglia following hypoglossal axotomy using hierarchical cluster analysis","volume":"521","author":"Yamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040039","article-title":"Extensive neuronal differentiation of human neural stem cell grafts in adult rat spinal cord","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med."}],"container-title":["Experimental Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014488616300103?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014488616300103?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T05:48:25Z","timestamp":1762148905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014488616300103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0014488616300103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4886","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neuroinflammation in primary blast neurotrauma: Time course and prevention by torso shielding","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Neurology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.01.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}