{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:47:57Z","timestamp":1791067677947,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,19]],"date-time":"2014-05-19T05:01:34Z","timestamp":1400475694000},"page":"30-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Chitosan and silver nanoparticles: Promising anti-toxoplasma agents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"M.R.","family":"Gaafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.F.","family":"Mady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.G.","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th.I.","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0005","first-page":"171","article-title":"Alginate nanoparticles as antituberculosis drug carriers: formulation development, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential","volume":"48","author":"Ahmad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0010","first-page":"285","article-title":"Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of host cell entry by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"87","author":"Aikawa","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0015","first-page":"645","article-title":"Natural Toxoplasma infection sought in the Indian grey Mongoose trapped in the Eastern region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"26","author":"AL-Dakhil","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3466-4","article-title":"Improved antifilarial activity of ivermectin in chitosan\u2013alginate nanoparticles against human lymphatic filarial parasite, Brugia malayi","volume":"112","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.06.001","article-title":"Investigation of anti-leishmanial activities of TiO2@Ag nanoparticles on biological properties of L. tropica and L. infantum parasites, in vitro","volume":"135","author":"Allahverdiyev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0030","unstructured":"Anand, N., 2013. Antiparasitic activity of Lactoferrin bound to chitosan nanoparticles in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. In: Second International Conference on Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Genomics."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(03)00377-6","article-title":"Generation of Toxoplasma gondii GRA1 protein and DNA vaccine loaded chitosan particles: preparation, characterization, and preliminary in vivo studies","volume":"266","author":"Bivas-Benita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0040","series-title":"Statistics in Small Doses","author":"Castle","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.30.2.323","article-title":"Activity of Roxithromycin (RU 28965), macrolide, against Toxoplasma gondii infections in mice","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.034","article-title":"DNA immunization with eukaryotic initiation factor-2\u03b1 of Toxoplasma gondii induces protective immunity against acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2005.04.071","article-title":"The study of antimicrobial activity and preservative effects of nanosilver ingredient","volume":"51","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0060","first-page":"835","article-title":"Nanovaccine for leishmaniasis: preparation of chitosan nanoparticles containing Leishmania superoxide dismutase and evaluation of its immunogenicity in BALB\/c mice","volume":"6","author":"Danesh-Bahreini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01667-7","article-title":"Cotrimoxazole for prenatal treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis?","volume":"16","author":"Derouin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4848-4854.2004","article-title":"Atovaquone maintenance therapy prevents reactivation of toxoplasmic encephalitis in a murine model of reactivated toxoplasmosis","volume":"48","author":"Dunay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4267","article-title":"Encephalitozoon intestinalis: humoral responses in interferon-y receptor knockout mice infected with a microsporidium pathogenic in AIDS patients","volume":"89","author":"El-Fakhry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0080","first-page":"59","article-title":"Study of the role of antioxidant in experimental toxoplasmosis","volume":"23","author":"El-Temsahy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Res. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-827X(99)00038-5","article-title":"Novel triazolo (4,3-a) quinazoline and bis-triazolo (4,3-a: 4,3-c) quinazolines: synthesis and antitoxoplasmosis effect","volume":"54","author":"El-Tombary","year":"1999","journal-title":"Il Farmaco."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60160-4","article-title":"In vitro treatments of Echinococcus granulosus with fungal chitosan, as a novel biomolecule","volume":"3","author":"Esboei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2004.11.055","article-title":"The study of deposited silver particulate films by simple method for efficient SERS","volume":"401","author":"Fang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0100","first-page":"957","article-title":"Le traitement de la toxoplasmose experimentale de la souris par la spiramycine","volume":"66","author":"Garin","year":"1958","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0105","series-title":"Diagnostic Medical Parasitology","first-page":"608","article-title":"Macroscopic and microscopic examination of fecal specimens","author":"Giarcia","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/28\/285604","article-title":"Preparation and antibacterial activity of Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Gong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.015","article-title":"Effectiveness of spiramycin in murine models of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Gruji\u00e8","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1021\/nl034396z","article-title":"Presenting vancomycin on nanoparticles to enhance antimicrobial activities","volume":"3","author":"Gu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0125","first-page":"77","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: scanning electron microscopic study before and after treatment","volume":"2","author":"Hammouda","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/632698","article-title":"Antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles and correlation with their physical properties","author":"Ing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.07.021","article-title":"A novel immunosensor for detecting Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM based on goldmag nanoparticles and graphene sheets","volume":"101","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.09.004","article-title":"Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan","volume":"62","author":"Kean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-7-20","article-title":"Subchronic oral toxicity of silver nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/121.3.339","article-title":"Scanning beam electron microscopy selected micro-organisms","volume":"121","author":"Klainer","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-18","article-title":"Distribution of silver in rats following 28days of repeated oral exposure to silver nano-particles or silver acetate","volume":"1","author":"Loeschner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3463-3467.2005","article-title":"Triazine inhibits Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro and in vivo","volume":"49","author":"Mui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00992.x","article-title":"Immunology of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"240","author":"Munoz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00228-4","article-title":"Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue","volume":"55","author":"Panyam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.1021\/nl072377+","article-title":"A golden bullet? Selective targeting of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites using antibody-functionalized gold nanorods","volume":"7","author":"Pissuwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200801018","article-title":"Destruction and control of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites using gold nanosphere\/antibody conjugates","volume":"5","author":"Pissuwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.05.068","article-title":"Nanomolar cationic dendrimeric sulfadiazine as potential antitoxoplasmic agent","volume":"326","author":"Prieto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmcol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2006.03.014","article-title":"Biosynthesis and characterization of Ti\/Ni bimetallic nanoparticles","volume":"29","author":"Retchkiman-Schabes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optimal Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2866-1","article-title":"Validity of silver, chitosan and curcumin nanoparticles as anti-Giardia agents","volume":"111","author":"Said","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-008-9097-0","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of some pyrimidine analogs against toxoplasmosis","volume":"17","author":"Saudi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1771-1779.2001","article-title":"Atovaquone nanosuspensions show excellent therapeutic effect in a new murine model of reactivated toxoplasmosis","volume":"45","author":"Sch\u00f6ler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860902718680","article-title":"The role of apolipoprotein E in uptake of atovaquone into the brain in murine acute and reactivated toxoplasmosis","volume":"17","author":"Shubar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3109\/10611861003733995","article-title":"SDS-coated atovaquone nanosuspensions show improved therapeutic efficacy against experimental acquired and reactivated toxoplasmosis by improving passage of gastrointestinal and blood-brain barriers","volume":"19","author":"Shubar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-010-0485-z","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles for encapsulation and release of protein","volume":"28","author":"Somnuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.04.022","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite antigen encapsulated into PLG microspheres induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity in sheep","volume":"22","author":"Stanely","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10711","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307868110","article-title":"TLR-independent neutrophil-derived IFN-\u03b3 is important for host resistance to intracellular pathogens","volume":"110","author":"Sturge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.05.064","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization of chitosan-tripolyphosphate conjugated chloroquine nanoparticle and its in vivo anti-malarial efficacy against rodent parasite: a dose and duration dependent approach","volume":"434","author":"Tripathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.02.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the adjuvant effect of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"219","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489414001192?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489414001192?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]],"date-time":"2018-10-03T23:28:48Z","timestamp":1538609328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014489414001192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0014489414001192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Chitosan and silver nanoparticles: Promising anti-toxoplasma agents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}