{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:11:26Z","timestamp":1790475086393,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Wildlife Health Organized Research Unit","award":["E11-2215-009-1008485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E11-2215-009-1008485"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T19:02:13Z","timestamp":1485802933000},"page":"25-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"special_numbering":"C","title":["On the determination of Toxoplasma gondii virulence in mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Pooja","family":"Saraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Keats","family":"Shwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitender P.","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8392-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00301-0","article-title":"Microsatellite analysis of Toxoplasma gondii shows considerable polymorphism structured into two main clonal groups","volume":"32","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1086\/597477","article-title":"Genotype of 88 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and correlation with clinical findings","volume":"199","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.13.5.1528-1530.1976","article-title":"Strain-dependent differences in murine susceptibility to Toxoplasma","volume":"13","author":"Araujo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9631","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015338108","article-title":"Virulence differences in Toxoplasma mediated by amplification of a family of polymorphic pseudokinases","volume":"108","author":"Behnke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(92)90037-U","article-title":"An epidemic of toxoplasmosis in a captive colony of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)","volume":"107","author":"Cunningham","year":"1992","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.2307\/3283305","article-title":"Isoenzyme analysis of 35 Toxoplasma gondii isolates and the biological and epidemiological implications","volume":"78","author":"Darde","year":"1992","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.324-324.1998","article-title":"Severe toxoplasmosis caused by a Toxoplasma gondii strain with a new isoenzyme type acquired in French Guyana","volume":"36","author":"Darde","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1086\/521246","article-title":"Fatal outbreak of human toxoplasmosis along the Maroni River: epidemiological, clinical, and parasitological aspects","volume":"45","author":"Demar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(84)90080-8","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: purification of zoites from peritoneal exudates by eight methods","volume":"57","author":"Dempster","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.9.1597-1600.1987","article-title":"Comparative study of tissue culture and mouse inoculation methods for demonstration of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"25","author":"Derouin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib11","series-title":"Parasitic Protozoa","first-page":"101","article-title":"Toxoplasma, Hammondia, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia of man and animals","author":"Dubey","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.03.018","article-title":"Comparative infectivity of oocysts and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii for intermediate (mice) and definitive (cats) hosts","volume":"140","author":"Dubey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01426.x","article-title":"Serological responses of equids fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts","volume":"19","author":"Dubey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib14","series-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","author":"Dubey","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001673","article-title":"Oral oocyst-induced mouse model of toxoplasmosis: effect of infection with Toxoplasma gondii strains of different genotypes, dose, and mouse strains (transgenic, out-bred, in-bred) on pathogenesis and mortality","volume":"139","author":"Dubey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2307\/3278784","article-title":"Experimental Toxoplasma infection in mice with strains producing oocysts","volume":"59","author":"Dubey","year":"1973","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.06.1007","article-title":"Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"42","author":"Dubey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2307\/3285739","article-title":"Infection and immunity with the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii in rats and mice","volume":"85","author":"Dubey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.002","article-title":"The Toxoplasma pseudokinase ROP5 forms complexes with ROP18 and ROP17 kinases that synergize to control acute virulence in mice","volume":"15","author":"Etheridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050197","article-title":"Genomic drift of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"83","author":"Frenkel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1976.tb03799.x","article-title":"Loss of stages after continuous passage of Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni","volume":"23","author":"Frenkel","year":"1976","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Protozool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.005","volume":"159","author":"Grigg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis lessons Braz. Am. J. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.040","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: epidemiology and course of disease","volume":"136","author":"Holland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1024","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: analysis of different laboratory stocks of the RH strain reveals genetic heterogeneity","volume":"78","author":"Howe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease","volume":"172","author":"Howe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.12.5193-5198.1996","article-title":"Acute virulence in mice is associated with markers on chromosome VIII in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"64","author":"Howe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1954.3.447","article-title":"Modification in virulence of a strain of Toxoplasma gondii by passage in various hosts","volume":"3","author":"Jacobs","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00927816","article-title":"Strain-dependent, route of challenge-dependent, murine susceptibility to toxoplasmosis","volume":"70","author":"Johnson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Z.\u00a0Parasitenkd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00150-09","article-title":"Phenotypic and gene expression changes among clonal type I strains of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000404","article-title":"Selection at a single locus leads to widespread expansion of Toxoplasma gondii lineages that are virulent in mice","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2307\/3282569","article-title":"Examination of tissue cyst formation by Toxoplasma gondii in cell cultures using bradyzoites, tachyzoites, and sporozoites","volume":"77","author":"Lindsay","year":"1991","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.9.3247","article-title":"Immune responses associated with early survival after peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"142","author":"McLeod","year":"1989","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.9.3031","article-title":"Genetic regulation of early survival and cyst number after peroral Toxoplasma gondii infection of A\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0B\/B\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0A recombinant inbred and B10 congenic mice","volume":"143","author":"McLeod","year":"1989","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27849","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.567057","article-title":"The Toxoplasma pseudokinase ROP5 is an allosteric inhibitor of the immunity-related GTPases","volume":"289","author":"Reese","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133690","article-title":"Polymorphic secreted kinases are key virulence factors in toxoplasmosis","volume":"314","author":"Saeij","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2015.10.005","article-title":"The ROP18 and ROP5 gene allele types are highly predictive of virulence in mice across globally distributed strains of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"46","author":"Shwab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001844","article-title":"Geographical patterns of Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping","volume":"141","author":"Shwab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/359082a0","article-title":"Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage","volume":"359","author":"Sibley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10753","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172117099","article-title":"Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling acute virulence in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"99","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.6.2284-2288.1993","article-title":"Susceptibility to chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii does not correlate with susceptibility to acute infection in mice","volume":"61","author":"Suzuki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133643","article-title":"A\u00a0secreted serine-threonine kinase determines virulence in the eukaryotic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"314","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00144-6","article-title":"Loss of oral infectivity of tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain to outbred Swiss Webster mice","volume":"27","author":"Villard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.10.006","article-title":"Separation and purification of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites from in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo culture systems","volume":"130","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12458","article-title":"Strain hypothesis of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the outcome of human diseases","volume":"213","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."}],"container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489417300541?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489417300541?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T21:45:38Z","timestamp":1749937538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014489417300541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0014489417300541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"On the determination of Toxoplasma gondii virulence in mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.01.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}