{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:06:57Z","timestamp":1777586817739,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":312,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312675\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312675\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006162","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T01:50:29Z","timestamp":1571363429000},"page":"107779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Potassium usnate, a water-soluble usnic acid salt, shows enhanced activity against Schistosoma mansoni in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Hallysson D.A.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nic\u00e1cio H.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica C.P.A.","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 L.","family":"Aires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera L.M.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.04.010","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of \u03b2-lapachone-induced surface membrane damage in male adult Schistosoma mansoni BH strain worms","volume":"142","author":"Aires","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Usnic acid potassium salt: evaluation of the acute toxicity and antinociceptive effect in murine model","volume":"24","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.11.007","article-title":"Toxicity of usnic acid fromm Cladonia substellata (Lichen) to embryos and adults of Biomphalaria glabrata","volume":"179","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2017.12.068","article-title":"Dataset on usnic acid from Cladonia substellata Vainio (Lichen) schistosomiasis mansoni's vector control and environmental toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data in Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.006","article-title":"Potassium usnate toxicity against embryonic stages of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni cercariae","volume":"188","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib6","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Dataset on schistosomiasis control using potassium usnate against Biomphalaria glabrata at different developmental stage and Schistosoma mansoni cercariae","volume":"21","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib7","series-title":"Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Vigil\u00e2ncia da Esquistossomose Mansoni: diretrizes t\u00e9cnicas","author":"Brasil","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2004.09.003","article-title":"Effect of usnic acid from the lichen Cladonia substellata on Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro: an ultrastructural study","volume":"36","author":"Carvalho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.06.002","article-title":"Schistosomiasis control: praziquantel forever?","volume":"195","author":"Cioli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib10","series-title":"CompuSyn for Drug Combinations: PC Software and User's Guide: A Computer Program for Quantitation of Synergism and Antagonism in Drug Combinations, and the Determination of IC50 and ED50 and LD50 Values","author":"Chou","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.012","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Malaysia: a review","volume":"190","author":"Chuah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2009.03.087","article-title":"The chemoenzymatic synthesis of usnic acid","volume":"19","author":"Hawranik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00383-7","article-title":"Usnic acid","volume":"61","author":"Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1007\/s10953-013-0010-1","article-title":"Solubility of (+)-usnic acid in water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and n-hexane","volume":"42","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Solut. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.002","article-title":"The discovery of Schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil","volume":"108","author":"Katz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.04.029","article-title":"Phenotypic screening of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs identified mefenamic acid as a drug for the treatment of schistosomiasis","volume":"43","author":"Lago","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(84)90073-0","article-title":"Effect of phosphonium salts and phosphoranes on the acetylcholinesterase activity and on the viability of Schistosoma mansoni parasites","volume":"6","author":"Levi-Schaffer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.10.003","article-title":"The anthelmintic effect of plumbagin on Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"133","author":"Lorsuwannarat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of Leishmania infantum chagasi promastigotes forms treated in vitro with usnic acid","author":"Luz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib20","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1311-y","article-title":"In vitro schistosomicidal activity of curcumin against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms","volume":"104","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"New biotechnological methods for producing therapeutic compounds (Usnic, Stictic and norstictic acids) by cell immobilization of the lichen Cladonia substellata vainio","volume":"13","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Ind. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111102","article-title":"Usnic acid potassium salt: an alternative for the control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)","volume":"9","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.15.23","article-title":"Natural products with antischistosomal activity","volume":"7","author":"Moraes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.08.021","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro schistosomicidal activity of piplartine","volume":"127","author":"Moraes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib26","series-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases: Latin America and the Caribbean","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1422-3_2","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in America","author":"Noya","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib27","series-title":"Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, OECD 423. Acute Oral Toxicity\u2010Acute Toxic Class Method","first-page":"1","author":"OECD - Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.02.010","article-title":"Anthelmintic activity in vitro and in vivo of Baccharis trimera (Less) DC against immature and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"139","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2307\/3274166","article-title":"An efficient method for exposure of mice to cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"38","author":"Olivier","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.06.004","article-title":"Acting beyond 2020: better characterization of praziquantel and promising antischistosomal leads","volume":"42","author":"Panic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5586\/asbp.1995.024","article-title":"Bioproduction of usnic acid from acetate by kaolinite immobilized cells of Cladonia substellata Vain","volume":"64","author":"Pereira","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. Pol. Tow. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PI304","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1320991","article-title":"In vitro schistosomicidal activity of Usnea steineri extract and its major constituent (+)-usnic acid against Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"78","author":"Salloum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.01.016","article-title":"New 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives: synthesis, evaluation of in vitro schistosomicidal activity and ultrastructural analysis","volume":"283","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000086248","article-title":"The infection of laboratory hosts with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the recovery of adult worms","volume":"55","author":"Smithers","year":"1965","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib35","series-title":"Schistosomiasis. Fact Sheet Detail","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Potassium usnate, a water-soluble usnic acid salt, shows enhanced bioavailability and inhibits invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489419302723?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489419302723?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:08:50Z","timestamp":1777406930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014489419302723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0014489419302723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Potassium usnate, a water-soluble usnic acid salt, shows enhanced activity against Schistosoma mansoni in vitro","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107779","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107779"}}