{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T21:29:11Z","timestamp":1785274151846,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007787","name":"National Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T18:01:35Z","timestamp":1623780095000},"page":"108124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u2018de Novo\u2019 repurposing of Daflon as anti-intestinal parasitic drug in experimental giardiasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"226-227","author":[{"given":"Azza","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1542-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gehan Labib","family":"Abuelenain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesma","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Abdou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.1.103","article-title":"In vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"49","author":"Adagu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001","article-title":"Biology of Giardia lamblia","volume":"14","author":"Adam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2008.2451.2453","article-title":"Hesperidin from citrus sinensis cultivated in dezful, Iran","volume":"11","author":"Aghel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90239-9","article-title":"Sensitivity of Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia intestinalis to bacitracin and its zinc salt in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Andrews","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib6","series-title":"Drug Resistance in Giardia: Mechanisms and Alternative Treatments for Giardiasis","first-page":"201","author":"Arg\u00fcello-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib7","series-title":"Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: the International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions","author":"Aronson","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.099","article-title":"Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Arshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1468","article-title":"Drug repositioning: identifying and developing new uses for existing drugs","volume":"3","author":"Ashburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib10","first-page":"47","article-title":"[Drug-resistant malaria: problems with its definition and technical approaches]","volume":"10","author":"Basco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sante"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)00703-5","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives","volume":"12","author":"Bharti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.028","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori susceptibility to fosfomycin, rifampin, and 5 usual antibiotics for H. pylori eradication","volume":"79","author":"Boyanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1330-3","article-title":"Indigenous traditional medicine: in vitro anti-giardial activity of plants used in the treatment of diarrhea","volume":"104","author":"Brandelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993679","article-title":"Absorption, conjugation and excretion of the flavanones, naringenin and hesperetin from \u03b1-rhamnosidase-treated orange juice in human subjects","volume":"103","author":"Bredsdorff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01516-1","article-title":"Non-invasive transgenic mouse genotyping using stool analysis","volume":"462","author":"Broome","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS (Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc.) Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.05.025","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia to plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"108","author":"Calzada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990665o","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and radioprotective effects against chromosomal damage induced in vivo by X-rays of flavan-3-ols (Procyanidins) from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera): comparative study versus other phenolic and organic compounds","volume":"48","author":"Castillo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2174\/187152511796196498","article-title":"Anticancer properties of flavonoids: roles in various stages of carcinogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Clere","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib22","first-page":"15","article-title":"Lymphagogue and pulsatile activities of Daflon 500 mg on canine thoracic lymph duct","volume":"8","author":"Cotonat","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.05.002","article-title":"Host parasite interactions and pathophysiology in Giardia infections","volume":"41","author":"Cotton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.4.495","article-title":"Experimental infection with Giardia lamblia in rats","volume":"145","author":"Craft","year":"1982","journal-title":"JID (J. Infect. Dis.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960838","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of diosmin and hesperidin in rat colitis induced by TNBS","volume":"65","author":"Crespo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib26","series-title":"Comparison Anti-giardia Activity of Satureja Hortensis Alcoholic Extract and Metronidazole in Vitro 2","first-page":"15","author":"Davoodi","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01536-14","article-title":"Giardia muris infection in mice is associated with a protective interleukin 17A response and induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha","volume":"82","author":"Dreesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib28","unstructured":"Drury, R.A. and Wallington, E.., 1980. Drury, R.A. and Wallington, E.A, fifth ed. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5010-9","article-title":"Anti-giardial therapeutic potential of dichloromethane extracts of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa in vitro and in vivo","volume":"115","author":"Dyab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.036","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2011\u20132016","volume":"114","author":"Efstratiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603576","article-title":"The impact of intestinal parasitic infections on the health status of children: an overview","volume":"12","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1997.d01-189.x","article-title":"A comparison of mucosal inflammatory responses to Giardia muris in resistant B10 and susceptible BALB\/c mice","volume":"19","author":"Enkatesan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.2.661-667.1986","article-title":"Description and characterization of a surface lectin from Giardia lamblia","volume":"51","author":"Farthing","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1856","article-title":"Optimizing hydroxychloroquine dosing for patients with COVID\u201019: an integrative modeling approach for effective drug repurposing","author":"Garcia\u2010Cremades","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.114-128.2001","article-title":"Treatment of giardiasis","volume":"14","author":"Gardner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases4030028","article-title":"Food antioxidants and their anti-inflammatory properties: a potential role in cardiovascular diseases and cancer prevention","volume":"4","author":"Griffiths","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100720","article-title":"Antigiardial drugs","volume":"57","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens6030033","article-title":"A comprehensive review of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses at the human-animal interface in Egypt","volume":"6","author":"Helmy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib39","first-page":"397","article-title":"Therapeutic uses of metronidazole and its side effects: an update","volume":"23","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez Ceruelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib40","first-page":"409","article-title":"Therapeutic effectiveness of flavonoids illustrated by daflon 500 mg","volume":"147","author":"Hitzenberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wien Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib41","first-page":"807","article-title":"[Therapeutic potential of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) of diosmin and hesperidin in treatment chronic venous disorder]","volume":"61","author":"Hn\u00e1tek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vnitr. Lek."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012948","article-title":"Flavones: food sources, bioavailability, metabolism, and bioactivity","volume":"8","author":"Hostetler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. An Int. Rev. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.2.1265-1269.2005","article-title":"Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 antagonizes Giardia intestinalis in vivo","volume":"73","author":"Humen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22909","article-title":"Protective effect of Diosmin against benzo(a)pyrene\u2010induced lung injury in Swiss Albino Mice","volume":"35","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(14)60001-7","article-title":"Protective effect of diosmin against diabetic neuropathy in experimental rats","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116064","article-title":"Identification of rifampin-inducible P450IIIA4 (CYP3A4) in human small bowel enterocytes","volume":"90","author":"Kolars","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib47","first-page":"36","article-title":"A lymphatic function of Daflon 500 mg","volume":"14","author":"Labrid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S141468","article-title":"Treatment-refractory giardiasis: challenges and solutions","volume":"11","author":"Lalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2012.20.3.273","article-title":"Hesperidin induces apoptosis by inhibiting Sp1 and its regulatory protein in MSTO-211H cells","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.5.819","article-title":"Metronidazole and albendazole susceptibility of 11 clinical isolates of Giardia duodenalis from France","volume":"46","author":"Lemee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04896.x","article-title":"A likely molecular basis of the susceptibility of Giardia lambliaTowards oxygen","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979404500614","article-title":"Safety and security of daflon 500 mg in venous insufficiency and in hemorrhoidal disease","volume":"45","author":"Meyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20187","article-title":"Generation of an?-Lrhamnosidase library and its application for the selective derhamnosylation of natural products","volume":"87","author":"Monti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0234-8","article-title":"Antiparasitic activity of two Lavandula essential oils against Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Hexamita inflata","volume":"99","author":"Moon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn142","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed genes in a Giardia lamblia WB C6 clone resistant to nitazoxanide and Metronidazole","volume":"62","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1157568","article-title":"Potential of rooibos, its major C-glucosyl flavonoids, and Z-2-(\u03b2-D-glucopyranosyloxy)3-phenylpropenoic acid in prevention of metabolic syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Muller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.04.019","article-title":"Increased incidence of nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis at the hospital for tropical diseases, london: 2008\u20132013","volume":"21","author":"Nabarro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionut.2011.07.001","article-title":"Effect of flavonone hesperidin on the apoptosis of human mammary carcinoma cell line MCF-7","volume":"1","author":"Natarajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Prev. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2144","article-title":"Innovative lead discovery strategies for tropical diseases","volume":"5","author":"Nwaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib64","author":"Ortega-Pierres"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200007000-00001","article-title":"Evaluation of the genetic component of variability in CYP3A4 activity: a repeated drug administration method","volume":"10","author":"\u00d6zdemir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics Genom."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.008672","article-title":"The human intestinal cytochrome P450 \u201cpie\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Paine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metabol. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2007.07.061","article-title":"Apoptotic effect of hesperidin through caspase3 activation in human colon cancer cells, SNU-C4","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2016.1233410","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenolics, total flavonoids and LC\u2013MS\/MS characterisation of phenolic constituents in Stachys lavandulifolia","volume":"31","author":"Rahimi Khoigani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2011.593516","article-title":"Chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus loxophleba","volume":"26","author":"Rahimi-Nasrabadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix066","article-title":"The use of quinacrine in nitroimidazole-resistant Giardia duodenalis: an old drug for an emerging problem","volume":"215","author":"Requena-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00344.x","article-title":"Flavonoid-mediated presenilin-1 phosphorylation reduces Alzheimer's disease \u03b2-amyloid production","volume":"13","author":"Rezai-Zadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib74","series-title":"Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases","first-page":"375","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis","author":"Robertson","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.12.030","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects of hesperidin and hesperetin for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"124","author":"Roohbakhsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5097","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i28.5097","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review","volume":"23","author":"Salaritabar","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.48.2.454-455.1984","article-title":"Purification of Giardia muris cysts by velocity sedimentation","volume":"48","author":"Sauch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014major pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909091334","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Shepherd","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.12.040","article-title":"Diosmin, a bioflavonoid reverses alterations in blood pressure, nitric oxide, lipid peroxides and antioxidant status in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats","volume":"679","author":"Silambarasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000682","article-title":"Ameta analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with Metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis","volume":"4","author":"Solaymani-Mohammadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7516.572","article-title":"Open label extension studies: research or marketing?","volume":"331","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001","article-title":"Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic Protozoa","volume":"14","author":"Upcroft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.2.145","article-title":"Albendazole","volume":"41","author":"Venkatesan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.05.001","article-title":"Giardia lamblia: the effects of extracts and fractions from Mentha x piperita Lin. (Lamiaceae) on trophozoites","volume":"115","author":"Vidal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026618666181002095314","article-title":"Giardiasis: characteristics, pathogenesis and new insights about treatment","volume":"18","author":"Vivancos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00052","article-title":"Broad spectrum antiviral agent niclosamide and its therapeutic potential","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.198200","article-title":"Toward stable genetic engineering of human O-glycosylation in plants","volume":"160","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib91","first-page":"13","article-title":"Giardiasis surveillance\u2014United States, 2009\u20132010","volume":"61","author":"Yoder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. - Surveillance Summ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005250","article-title":"Cryptosporidium lactate dehydrogenase is associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and is a potential target for developing therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01691.x","article-title":"The thermostable alpha-l-rhamnosidase RamA of Clostridium stercorarium: biochemical characterization and primary structure of a bacterial alpha-l-rhamnoside hydrolase, a new type of inverting glycoside hydrolase","volume":"35","author":"Zverlov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489421000618?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489421000618?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T06:29:15Z","timestamp":1758004155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014489421000618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S0014489421000618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u2018de Novo\u2019 repurposing of Daflon as anti-intestinal parasitic drug in experimental giardiasis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108124","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108124"}}