{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:57:57Z","timestamp":1779249477381,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009827","name":"Alexandria University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T15:54:05Z","timestamp":1763654045000},"page":"109069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Therapeutic potential of spiramycin-nanoparticles and Aluvia in experimental congenital toxoplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"279","author":[{"given":"Yasmen","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4965-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal Farahat","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amel Youssef","family":"Shehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naglaa Fathi","family":"Abd El-Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Makled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nermine Mogahed Fawzy Hussein","family":"Mogahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00245","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and psychiatric and neurological disorders: a step toward understanding parasite pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Abo-Al-Ela","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.08.007","article-title":"The effect of lopinavir\/ritonavir and lopinavir\/ritonavir loaded PLGA nanoparticles on experimental toxoplasmosis","volume":"66","author":"Abou-El-Naga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S99651","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and potential application of chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitosan metal nanoparticles in pharmaceutical drug delivery","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2174\/1874104501105010040","article-title":"HIV Protease inhibitors: effect on the opportunistic protozoan parasites","volume":"5","author":"Alfonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Med. Chem. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib4","first-page":"2836","article-title":"Histological study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in brain of mice embryos","volume":"12","author":"Al-Ibrahimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharmaceut. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-021-01431-9","article-title":"Remarkable histopathological improvement of experimental toxoplasmosis after receiving spiramycin-chitosan nanoparticles formulation","volume":"46","author":"Allam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2024.26056","article-title":"Comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research trends about congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"48","author":"Ba\u011fc\u0131","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg. Sep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.11427","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: experimental vaginal infection in NMRI mice and its effect on uterin, placenta and fetus tissues","volume":"15","author":"Bayat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib9","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis: the state of the art","volume":"6","author":"Bollani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.003","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: 25 years and 25 major advances for the field","volume":"39","author":"Boothroyd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.11.015","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: effect of maternal infection in the development of lymphoid organs of BALB\/c neonates","volume":"121","author":"Caba\u00f1as-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib12","article-title":"The dysfunction of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells contributes to the abortion of mice caused by Toxoplasma gondii excreted-secreted antigens in early pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05183-11","article-title":"Significant reduction of brain cysts caused by Toxoplasma gondii after treatment with spiramycin coadministered with metronidazole in a mouse model of chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"56","author":"Chew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib14","first-page":"835","article-title":"Nanovaccine for leishmaniasis: preparation of chitosan nanoparticles containing Leishmania superoxide dismutase and evaluation of its immunogenicity in BALB\/c mice","volume":"6","author":"Danesh-Bahreini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2494(05)80091-4","article-title":"Experimental models of toxoplasmosis","volume":"144","author":"Darcy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Res. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07633-1","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats: serological, pathological, and clinical monitoring during gestation","volume":"121","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144203","article-title":"A novel calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 inhibitor potently prevents Toxoplasma gondii transmission to foetuses in mouse","volume":"26","author":"D\u00e9bare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8010003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Deganich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1995023243","article-title":"[experimental models of toxoplasmosis. Pharmacological applications]","volume":"2","author":"Derouin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib19","series-title":"Carleton's Histological Technique","author":"Drury","year":"1980"},{"issue":"9167","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08220-8","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counselling","volume":"353","author":"Dunn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2017.12.003","article-title":"An updated literature review on maternal-fetal and reproductive disorders of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"47","author":"Fallahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod. Mar."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis882","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis: continued parasite proliferation in the fetal brain despite maternal immunological control in other tissues","volume":"56","author":"Ferguson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.12.019","article-title":"Refinement of the mouse model of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"113","author":"Freyre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.05.005","article-title":"Chitosan and silver nanoparticles: promising anti-toxoplasma agents","volume":"143","author":"Gaafar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-001-0644-6","article-title":"Treatment of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: concentrations of spiramycin and neospiramycin in maternal serum and amniotic fluid","volume":"21","author":"Gratzl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107717","article-title":"Successful treatment of acute experimental toxoplasmosis by spiramycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"204","author":"Hagras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.12.86","article-title":"Nanobiotechnology-based strategies for crossing the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.09.004","article-title":"Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan","volume":"62","author":"Kean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib27","first-page":"67","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles: a review","volume":"4","author":"Lingayat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Res"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu077","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"3","author":"McAuley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatric. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00253-09","article-title":"Spiramycin treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women impairs the production and the avidity maturation of T. Gondii-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies","volume":"16","author":"Meroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00257-17","article-title":"CCR5 is involved in interruption of pregnancy in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii during early pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Nishimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2174\/157016312799304552","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles-a review","volume":"9","author":"Parhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"issue":"Pt 13","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007000200","article-title":"Cellular and molecular physiopathology of congenital toxoplasmosis: the dual role of IFN-gamma","volume":"134","author":"Pfaff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023866","article-title":"The neurotropic parasite Toxoplasma gondii increases dopamine metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Prandovszky","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib34","series-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of Toxoplasma gondii migration routes and tissue dissemination in the host","volume":"31","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Flores","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1556\/EuJMI.1.2011.1.3","article-title":"Parasite dissemination and the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"1","author":"Randall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol. (Bp)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060753","article-title":"Studies on a murine model of congenital toxoplasmosis: vertical disease transmission only occurs in BALB\/c mice infected for the first time during pregnancy","volume":"104","author":"Roberts","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.02.003","article-title":"Early passage of Toxoplasma gondii across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"38","author":"Ross","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib39","series-title":"Rstudio: Integrated Development Environment for R.: Rstudio","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.11.049","article-title":"PEGylated and poloxamer-modified chitosan nanoparticles incorporating a lysine-based surfactant for pH-triggered doxorubicin release","volume":"138","author":"Scheeren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.9.1930","article-title":"Effectiveness of spiramycin for treatment of congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection in rhesus monkeys","volume":"38","author":"Schoondermark-Van de Ven","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.08.017","article-title":"Relationship between placental characteristics and puppies' birth weight in toy and small sized dog breeds","volume":"141","author":"Tesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib42","article-title":"Global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Torgerson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.04.002","article-title":"Mouse model of congenital infection with a non-virulent Toxoplasma gondii strain: vertical transmission, \"sterile\" fetal damage, or both?","volume":"166","author":"Vargas-Villavicencio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102640","article-title":"Vertical transmission and pathological findings in the mother, the placenta and the offspring, during first and last thirds of gestation in a mouse model of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"91","author":"Vargas-Villavicencio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2022.102640","article-title":"Vertical transmission and pathological findings in the mother, the placenta and the offspring, during first and last thirds of gestation in a mouse model of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"91","author":"Vargas-Villavicencio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.10.047","article-title":"Oral delivery of metformin by chitosan nanoparticles for polycystic kidney disease","volume":"329","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.07.003","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: the effects of infection at different stages of pregnancy on the offspring of mice","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-83","article-title":"Pup mortality in laboratory mice\u2013infanticide or not?","volume":"55","author":"Weber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib49","series-title":"Definitions and Indicators in Family Planning Maternal & Child Health and Reproductive Health Used in the","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069_bib50","series-title":"Neonatal and Perinatal Mortality : Country, Regional and Global Estimates","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Experimental Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489425001742?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0014489425001742?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T01:38:16Z","timestamp":1766108296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0014489425001742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0014489425001742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Therapeutic potential of spiramycin-nanoparticles and Aluvia in experimental congenital toxoplasmosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109069","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109069"}}