{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:10:53Z","timestamp":1782601853879,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","footanklesurgery-journal.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot and Ankle Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T19:55:54Z","timestamp":1462132554000},"page":"135-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Acute syndesmotic instability in ankle fractures: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"W.J.","family":"van Zuuren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Schepers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Beumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Sierevelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"van Noort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.P.J.","family":"van den Bekerom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679809002355","article-title":"Adult ankle fractures \u2013 an increasing problem?","volume":"69","author":"Court-Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"5 (October)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678709146395","article-title":"Epidemiology of ankle fractures in Rochester, Minnesota","volume":"58","author":"Daly","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"1 (February)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679809002356","article-title":"Epidemiology of ankle fractures. A prospective population-based study of 212 cases in Aalborg, Denmark","volume":"69","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"10 (October)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701801004","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of polyactide absorbable screws used for syndesmosis injury repair","volume":"18","author":"Thordarson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199103000-00014","article-title":"Repair of the tibiofibular syndesmosis with a flexible implant","volume":"5","author":"Seitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"3 (September)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2011.11.003","article-title":"Motion of the fibula relative to the tibia and its alterations with syndesmosis screws: a cadaver study","volume":"18","author":"Huber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678208992276","article-title":"Distal tibiofibular ligaments. Analysis of function","volume":"53","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-006-0077-0","article-title":"Anatomical evaluation and clinical importance of the tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments","volume":"28","author":"Ebraheim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"3 (June)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670610012557","article-title":"Effects of ligament sectioning on the kinematics of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis: a radiostereometric study of 10 cadaveric specimens based on presumed trauma mechanisms with suggestions for treatment","volume":"77","author":"Beumer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195638040-00005","article-title":"Some applications of the functional anatomy of the ankle joint","volume":"38A","author":"Close","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6 (June)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0590","first-page":"499","article-title":"Complex ankle fracture dislocations with syndesmotic diastasis","volume":"19","author":"Stiehl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"issue":"3 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658030-00010","article-title":"Changes in tibiotalar area of contact caused by lateral talar shift","volume":"58","author":"Ramsey","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"10 (October)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701006","article-title":"Revisiting the concept of talar shift in ankle fractures","volume":"27","author":"Lloyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1 (January\u2013February)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2003.11.008","article-title":"Effects of isolated Weber B fibular fractures on the tibiotalar contact area","volume":"43","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(83)90257-7","article-title":"The stability of the tibiofibular syndesmosis following rigid internal fixation for type C malleolar fractures: an experimental and clinical study","volume":"14","author":"Riegels-Nielsen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(01)00199-1","article-title":"Do type B malleolar fractures need a positioning screw?","volume":"33","author":"Heim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5 (May)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1950.01250010980011","article-title":"Fractures of the ankle. II. Combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigations","volume":"60","author":"Lauge-Hansen","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"8 (August)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500801","article-title":"Operative treatment of syndesmotic disruptions without use of a syndesmotic screw: a prospective clinical study","volume":"15","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400410","article-title":"A biomechanical evaluation of clinical stress tests for syndesmotic ankle instability","volume":"24","author":"Beumer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0635","first-page":"66","article-title":"Quantitative criteria for prediction of the results after displaced fracture of the ankle","volume":"65A","author":"Pettrone","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.156.1.4001407","article-title":"Ligamentous injury of the lower tibiofibular syndesmosis: radiographic evidence","volume":"175","author":"Sclafani","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3 (December)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078901000308","article-title":"A radiographic evaluation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis","volume":"10","author":"Harper","year":"1989","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000129152.81015.ad","article-title":"Radiographic measurement of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis has limited use","volume":"423","author":"Beumer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Rel Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202300205","article-title":"The effects of rotation on radiographic evaluation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis","volume":"23","author":"Pneumaticos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"7 (July)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0660","first-page":"787","article-title":"Correlation between radiological assessment of acute ankle fractures and syndesmotic injury on MRI","volume":"41","author":"Hermans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skelet Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079301400805","article-title":"An anatomic and radiologic investigation of the tibiofibular clear space","volume":"14","author":"Harper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701801103","article-title":"Radiographic and CT evaluation of tibiofibular syndesmotic diastasis: a cadaver study","volume":"18","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5 (May)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713475355","article-title":"Role of preoperative computed tomography scans in operative planning for malleolar ankle fractures","volume":"34","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"10 (October)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713489286","article-title":"Rotational malreduction of the syndesmosis: reliability and accuracy of computed tomography measurement methods","volume":"34","author":"Knops","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0685","article-title":"Posterior translation of the fibula may indicate malreduction: CT study of normal variation in uninjured ankles","author":"Lepoj\u00e4rvi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"3 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B3.13174","article-title":"Diagnosis of a tear of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. The role of arthroscopy of the ankle","volume":"85","author":"Takao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"7 (July)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199707000-00006","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of acute injured distal tibiofibular syndesmosis","volume":"32","author":"Vogl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"1 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2271011865","article-title":"Injury of the tibiofibular syndesmosis: value of MR imaging for diagnosis","volume":"227","author":"Oae","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"9 (October)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000177114.13263.12","article-title":"Intraoperative diagnosis of syndesmosis injuries in external rotation ankle fractures","volume":"19","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"2 (February)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0768-6","article-title":"Evaluation of the integrity of the deltoid ligament in supination external rotation ankle fractures: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"129","author":"Bekerom van den","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0715","series-title":"Fractures and joint dislocations","first-page":"549","author":"Cotton","year":"1910"},{"issue":"11 (November)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01537","article-title":"Comparison of two intraoperative assessment methods for injuries to the ankle syndesmosis. A cadaveric study","volume":"91","author":"Stoffel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8 (August)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2003.10.013","article-title":"Instability of the tibio-fibular syndesmosis: have we been pulling in the wrong direction?","volume":"35","author":"Candal-Couto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/00016470310013969","article-title":"External rotation stress imaging in syndesmotic injuries of the ankle: comparison of lateral radiography and radiostereometry in a cadaveric model","volume":"74","author":"Beumer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466040-00002","article-title":"Instability of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis after bimalleolar and trimalleolar ankle fractures","volume":"66","author":"Leeds","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"10 (December)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971100-00014","article-title":"Mechanical considerations for the syndesmosis screw. A cadaver study","volume":"71","author":"Boden","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2 (February)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200402000-00002","article-title":"Correlation of interosseous membrane tears to the level of the fibular fracture","volume":"18","author":"Nielson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"6 (November\u2013December)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2007.08.009","article-title":"Which ankle fractures require syndesmotic stabilization?","volume":"46","author":"van den Bekerom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"12 (December)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.1103","article-title":"Syndesmotic fixation in supination-external rotation ankle fractures: a prospective randomized study","volume":"32","author":"Pakarinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B3.7744931","article-title":"The influence of a diastasis screw on the outcome of Weber-C ankle fractures","volume":"77-B","author":"Chissel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"issue":"2 (February)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200502000-00006","article-title":"Predictors of functional outcome following transsyndesmotic screw fixation of ankle fractures","volume":"19","author":"Weening","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567070-00010","article-title":"Results of operative treatment of displaced external rotation\u2013abduction fractures of the ankle","volume":"67","author":"de Souza","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0775","first-page":"1","article-title":"Late results of operative and non-operative treatment of severe ankle fractures","volume":"293","author":"Klossner","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01726","article-title":"Forceps reduction of the syndesmosis in rotational ankle fractures: a cadaveric study","volume":"94","author":"Phisitkul","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2 (February)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31825197cb","article-title":"Iatrogenic syndesmosis malreduction via clamp and screw placement","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"9 (September)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713485740","article-title":"Accurate reduction of an ankle syndesmosis with the \u201cglide path\u201d technique","volume":"34","author":"Needleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"7 (July)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31822a526a","article-title":"The functional consequence of syndesmotic joint malreduction at a minimum 2-year follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Sagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"10 (October)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701005","article-title":"Malreduction of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in ankle fractures","volume":"27","author":"Gardner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5 (May)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20130426-03","article-title":"Intraoperative contralateral view for assessing accurate syndesmosis reduction","volume":"36","author":"Schreiber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"4 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3182694766","article-title":"A reliable method for intraoperative evaluation of syndesmotic reduction","volume":"27","author":"Summers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"6 (June)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0616","article-title":"Limitations of standard fluoroscopy in detecting rotational malreduction of the syndesmosis in an ankle fracture model","volume":"32","author":"Marmor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"15 (August)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01122","article-title":"Intraoperative three-dimensional imaging in the treatment of acute unstable syndesmotic injuries","volume":"94","author":"Franke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-2011-0618","article-title":"Intraoperative reduction of distal tibiofibular joint aided by three-dimensional fluoroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Ruan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technol Health Care"},{"issue":"3 (June)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0830","first-page":"365","article-title":"Management of distal tibio-fibular syndesmotic injuries: a snapshot of current practice","volume":"74","author":"Monga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"issue":"5 (May)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0835","first-page":"242","article-title":"Ankle fracture syndesmosis fixation and management: the current practice of orthopaedic surgeons","volume":"39","author":"Bava","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"issue":"10 (October)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.06.015","article-title":"The management of acute distal tibio-fibular syndesmotic injuries; results of a nationwide survey","volume":"43","author":"Schepers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100904","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of syndesmosis fixation with 3.5- and 4.5-millimeter stainless steel screws","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5 (May)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713478923","article-title":"Syndesmosis fixation using dual 3.5mm and 4.5mm screws with tricortical and quadricortical purchase: a biomechanical study","volume":"34","author":"Markolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2 (Mar\u2013Apr)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2005.12.004","article-title":"Syndesmosis fixation: analysis of shear stress via axial load on 3.5-mm and 4.5-mm quadricortical syndesmotic screws","volume":"45","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.11.425","article-title":"Operative aspects of the syndesmotic screw: review of current, concepts","volume":"39","author":"Bekerom van den","year":"2008","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200407000-00001","article-title":"Tricortical versus quadricortical syndesmosis fixation in ankle fractures: a prospective, randomized study comparing two methods of syndesmosis fixation","volume":"18","author":"Hoiness","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"6 (June)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199506000-00005","article-title":"The tibiofibular syndesmosis. Evaluation of the ligamentous structures, methods of fixation, and radiographic assessment","volume":"77","author":"Xenos","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(09)80016-1","article-title":"The Maisonneuve fracture","volume":"34","author":"Duchesneau","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/01.btf.0000135273.06340.0f","article-title":"Ankle fractures in diabetics","volume":"3","author":"Thordarson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tech Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0885","first-page":"311","article-title":"Fractures of the ankle and the distal part of the tibia","volume":"46","author":"Vander Griend","year":"1997","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078900900606","article-title":"Stabilization of ankle syndesmosis injuries with a syndesmosis screw","volume":"9","author":"Kaye","year":"1989","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2004.05.024","article-title":"Screw fixation of the syndesmosis: a cadaver model comparing stainless steel and titanium screws and three and four cortical fixation","volume":"36","author":"Beumer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31817ae635","article-title":"The influence of the number of cortices of screw purchase and ankle position in Weber C ankle fracture fixation","volume":"22","author":"Nousiainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700801","article-title":"Syndesmosis fixation: a comparison of three and four cortices of screw fixation without hardware removal","volume":"27","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0910","first-page":"559","article-title":"Malleolar fractures","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Hahn","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0915","series-title":"Campbell's operative orthopaedics","first-page":"2046","article-title":"Fractures of the lower extremity","author":"Whittle","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701800503","article-title":"Syndesmotic screw placement: a biomechanical analysis","volume":"18","author":"McBryde","year":"1997","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(03)00155-4","article-title":"Outcome after surgery for Maisonneuve fracture of the fibula","volume":"35","author":"Sproule","year":"2004","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.01.014","article-title":"Does position of syndesmotic screw affect functional and radiological outcome in ankle fractures?","volume":"36","author":"Kukreti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.09.035","article-title":"Technical aspects of the syndesmotic screw and their effect on functional outcome following acute distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury","volume":"45","author":"Schepers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00435946","article-title":"The effect of the syndesmotic screw on the extension capacity of the ankle joint","volume":"104","author":"Olerud","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Traum Surg"},{"issue":"4 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200104000-00002","article-title":"Overtightening of the ankle syndesmosis: is it really possible?","volume":"83-A","author":"Tornetta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"3 (November)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11751-012-0147-2","article-title":"Flexible stabilization of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis: clinical and biomechanical considerations: a review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"den Daas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strat Trauma Limb Reconstr"},{"issue":"6 (June)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-012-1500-2","article-title":"Acute distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury: a systematic review of suture-button versus syndesmotic screw repair","volume":"36","author":"Schepers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"6 (June)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.02.004","article-title":"A prospective randomised study comparing TightRope and syndesmotic screw fixation for accuracy and maintenance of syndesmotic reduction assessed with bilateral computed tomography","volume":"46","author":"Kortekangas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5 (May)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000245","article-title":"A prospective randomized multicenter trial comparing clinical outcomes of patients treated surgically with a static or dynamic implant for acute ankle syndesmosis rupture","volume":"29","author":"Laflamme","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0970","article-title":"Cost benefit analysis of suture-button versus screw fixation of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis","volume":"19","author":"Carmody","year":"2012","journal-title":"Internet J Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.1302","article-title":"Current concepts review: operative techniques for stabilizing the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis","volume":"28","author":"van den Bekerom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4 (April)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200411","article-title":"Bioabsorbable versus stainless steel screw fixation of the syndesmosis in pronation-lateral rotation ankle fractures: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"Thordarson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2006.06.005","article-title":"Screw versus staple in stabilization of diastasis of tibiofibular syndesmosis","volume":"13","author":"ElRayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(99)80039-8","article-title":"A different approach to the treatment of the lateral malleolar fractures with syndesmosis injury: the ANK nail","volume":"38","author":"Kara","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"9 (September)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100907","article-title":"device: a new approach in the treatment of the fractures of the lateral malleolus associated with the rupture of the syndesmosis","volume":"21","author":"Kabukcuoglu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5 (March)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(85)90132-9","article-title":"Fixation of diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular joint using the syndesmosis hook","volume":"16","author":"Farhan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2006.02.003","article-title":"Syndesmotic screw fixation in Weber C ankle injuries-should the screw be removed before weigthbearing?","volume":"37","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078901000104","article-title":"Effect of the syndesmotic screw on ankle motion","volume":"10","author":"Needleman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"4 (July\u2013August)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2013.03.032","article-title":"Aftercare following syndesmotic screw placement: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Schepers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181a9f7a5","article-title":"Functional and radiographic results of patients with syndesmotic screw fixation: implications for screw removal","volume":"24","author":"Manjoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"12 (December)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.08.011","article-title":"Functional outcomes following syndesmotic fixation: a comparison of screws retained in situ versus routine removal \u2013 is it really necessary?","volume":"44","author":"Tucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"7 (July)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-010-1225-x","article-title":"To retain or remove the syndesmotic screw: a review of, literature","volume":"131","author":"Schepers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"12 (December)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B12.34258","article-title":"Removal of the syndesmotic screw after the surgical treatment of a fracture of the ankle in adult patients does not affect one-year outcomes: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"96-B","author":"Boyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"2 (March)","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B2.0780250","article-title":"Distal tibiofibular synostosis after ankle fracture. A 14-year follow-up study","volume":"78","author":"Albers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1981.52.suppl-189.01","article-title":"Operative treatment of ankle fractures","volume":"52","author":"Lindsj\u00f6","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199208000-00032","article-title":"Fibular stress fracture, associated with distal tibiofibular synostosis in an athlete: a case report and literature review","volume":"281","author":"Kottmeier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079501600507","article-title":"Symptomatic ossification of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in professional football players: a sequela of the syndesmotic ankle sprain","volume":"16","author":"Veltri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70195-4","article-title":"Ankle fractures and syndesmosis injuries","volume":"32","author":"Donatto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198301000-00032","article-title":"Surgical treatment of displaced ankle fractures","volume":"172","author":"Roberts","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001_bib1070","series-title":"Chronic instability of the anterior syndesmosis of the ankle biomechanical, kinematical, radiological and clinical aspects","author":"Beumer","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Foot and Ankle Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1268773116300133?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1268773116300133?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T14:46:46Z","timestamp":1655650006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1268773116300133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1268773116300133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1268-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1268-7731","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acute syndesmotic instability in ankle fractures: A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Foot and Ankle Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2016.04.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 European Foot and Ankle Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}