{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:28:11Z","timestamp":1781738891561,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016112","name":"University of Foggia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Waterborne Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T02:47:54Z","timestamp":1761187674000},"page":"e00295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in goats\u2019 milk and aborted goat kid tissues from Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Yaser","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Barlaam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia Libera","family":"Gazzonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Giuseppe","family":"Normanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mel\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy Jane","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annunziata","family":"Giangaspero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0005","first-page":"418","article-title":"A quick look at goat production and husbandry practices in Pakistan","volume":"40","author":"Abdullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chil. J. A. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05360-1","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in meat-producing animals in Iran","volume":"15","author":"Amouei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106304","article-title":"First report on molecular epidemiology, seasonality and phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii infecting goats from Khanewal district in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"228","author":"Aziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06514-11","article-title":"Variation of B1 gene and AF146527 repeat element copy numbers according to Toxoplasma gondii strains assessed using real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"50","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60087-0","article-title":"Tissue tropism and parasite burden of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in experimentally infected mice","volume":"7","author":"Dadimoghaddam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.07.020","article-title":"Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in goats (Capra hircus), sheep (Ovis aries), and donkey (Equus asinus) milk using PCR in East Azerbaijan Province, Ira","volume":"152","author":"Deljavan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030478","article-title":"Migratory wild birds as potential long-distance transmitters of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"12","author":"Dini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0065","first-page":"88","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis\u2014an overview","volume":"22","author":"Dubey","year":"1991","journal-title":"South. A. J. Trop. Med. Pub. H."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-167","article-title":"Detection and survival of Toxoplasma gondii in milk and cheese from experimentally infected goats","volume":"77","author":"Dubey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0075","first-page":"1687","article-title":"Review: potential transmission of toxoplasmosis through consumption of raw goat\u2019s milk","volume":"10","author":"Fatmawati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ani. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0080","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii genotyping: a closer look into Europe","volume":"12","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Escobar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. C. Inf. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0085","article-title":"Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains at the global level and its determinants","volume":"15","author":"Galal","year":"2019","journal-title":"F. Water. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104738","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected goats: monitoring of specific IgG levels in serum and milk during lactation and parasitic DNA detection in milk","volume":"170","author":"Gazzonis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1086\/322800","article-title":"Unusual abundance of atypical strains associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"184","author":"Grigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"The J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8478","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16731","article-title":"Sheep and goats raised in mixed flocks have diverse immune status around parturition","volume":"102","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castellano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102001000200002","article-title":"Infectivity of cysts of the ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii strain in bovine milk and homemade cheese","volume":"35","author":"Hiramoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172696","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in small ruminants: old problems, and current solutions","volume":"13","author":"Holec-G\u0105sior","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease","volume":"172","author":"Howe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0120","first-page":"442","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology, spatial distribution and phylogenetic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii in goats of Malakand division of Pakistan","volume":"44","author":"Irshad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis508","article-title":"Foodborne toxoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0135","first-page":"681","article-title":"Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in different tissues of sheep and goat in eastern Iran","volume":"34","author":"Kareshk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0145","first-page":"601","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in milk of human and goat from the desert area in Central Iran","volume":"16","author":"Khamsian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5881-5887.2005","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from immunocompromised patients reveals high prevalence of type I strains","volume":"43","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/20181127131122","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in child-bearing age women in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"53","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.267369","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in lactating animals: potential risk to milk consuming population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","volume":"83","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0165","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats from South Punjab Province, Pakistan","volume":"50","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Para. Reg. S. & Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2016.1175966","article-title":"Chronic toxoplasmosis and possible risk factors associated with pregnant women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","volume":"30","author":"Majid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0175","article-title":"Seroprevalence, detection of DNA in blood and milk, and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in a goat population in Italy","volume":"1\u20136","author":"Mancianti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bib366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029902005848","article-title":"High quality genomic DNA extraction from large milk samples","volume":"69","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.027","article-title":"Direct detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in meat samples using magnetic capture and PCR","volume":"139","author":"Opsteegh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.09.004","article-title":"Population structure and mouse-virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil","volume":"38","author":"Pena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00521-0","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the milk of experimentally infected lactating cats","volume":"102","author":"Powell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2009.11.001","article-title":"A comparison of six methods for genomic DNA extraction suitable for PCR-based genotyping applications using ovine milk samples","volume":"24","author":"Psifidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. C. Prob."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2726","article-title":"Molecular detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in slaughtered goats in Central China","volume":"17","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0215","first-page":"102","article-title":"Sero-surveillance and risk factors analysis of caprine toxoplasmosis in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"42","author":"Rafique","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1702630","article-title":"Unpasteurised milk consumption as a potential risk factor for toxoplasmosis in females with recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"40","author":"Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2326\/osj.18.160","article-title":"Assessment of avifaunal diversity in riverine and urban areas of Layyah along the river Indus, Punjab-Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"Riaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ornithol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0245","first-page":"179","article-title":"Prevalence of abortifacient disorders in small ruminants: a comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Saboor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biores. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330140038029","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis infection associated with raw goat\u2019s milk","volume":"248","author":"Sacks","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0265","article-title":"Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: oocysts in water, soil and food","volume":"15","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food & Water. Para."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.007","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from ruminants: a systematic review","volume":"258","author":"Sharif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001844","article-title":"Geographical patterns of Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping","volume":"141","author":"Shwab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/359082a0","article-title":"Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage","volume":"359","author":"Sibley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027060","article-title":"Simultaneous diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in goats and goat owner\u2019s family","volume":"22","author":"Skinner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-010-0070-2","article-title":"Prevalence estimation and genotypization of Toxoplasma gondii in goats","volume":"65","author":"Spi\u0161\u00e1k","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.03.003","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multilocus PCR-RFLP markers: a high resolution and simple method for identification of parasites","volume":"36","author":"Su","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0305","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in sheep and goat milk in northwest of Iran by PCR-RFLP, Jundisha","volume":"6","author":"Tavassoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108636","article-title":"A novel multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cyclospora cayetanensis on berries","volume":"125","author":"Temesgen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0320","series-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0330","first-page":"23247","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in women population in swat, Pakistan","volume":"30","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. J. Sci. & Tech. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0335","first-page":"69","article-title":"Ecological concerns of migratory birds in Pakistan: a review","volume":"33","author":"Umar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Punj. Uni. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.648500","article-title":"Global goat! Is the expanding goat population an important reservoir of Cryptosporidium?","volume":"8","author":"Utaaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0345","first-page":"389","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295_bb0355","article-title":"Global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in birds: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Para. Epi. & Con."}],"container-title":["Food and Waterborne Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405676625000423?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405676625000423?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:25:49Z","timestamp":1773303949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405676625000423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S2405676625000423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-6766"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-6766","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in goats\u2019 milk and aborted goat kid tissues from Pakistan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fawpar.2025.e00295","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Association of Food and Waterborne Parasitology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e00295"}}