{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T03:02:37Z","timestamp":1783825357651,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foot and Ankle Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,14]],"date-time":"2008-11-14T12:33:28Z","timestamp":1226666008000},"page":"725-735","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Distal Tibia Nonunions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lori K.","family":"Reed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Mormino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib1","first-page":"105","article-title":"The operative treatment of intra-articular fractures of the lower end of the tibia","volume":"138","author":"Ruedi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199307000-00013","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plafond fractures","volume":"292","author":"Teeny","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B2.350882","article-title":"The biology of fracture healing in long bones","volume":"60","author":"McKibbin","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.34B2.187","article-title":"Compression arthrodesis of the knee: a clinical and histologic study","volume":"34","author":"Charnley","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197411000-00005","article-title":"Tibial blood supply in relation to fracture healing","volume":"105","author":"Rhinelander","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196244070-00001","article-title":"Microangiography in bone healing: I. Undisplaced closed fractures","volume":"44","author":"Rhinelander","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196850040-00001","article-title":"Microangiography in bone healing: II. Displaced closed fractures","volume":"50","author":"Rhinelander","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200402000-00004","article-title":"Functional outcome after blade plate reconstruction of distal tibia metaphyeal nonunions","volume":"18","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668060-00009","article-title":"Treatment of tibial fractures by reaming and intramedullary nailing","volume":"68","author":"Bone","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(00)00129-7","article-title":"Dia-metaphyseal distal tibia fractures\u2014treatment with a shortened intramedullary nail: a review of 15 cases","volume":"31","author":"Dogra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib11","first-page":"93","article-title":"Treatment of nonunion of the tibia with closed and semiclosed intramedullary nailing","volume":"43","author":"Bohler","year":"1965","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198207000-00029","article-title":"Nonunion of the tibia treated with Kuntscher intramedullary nailing","volume":"167","author":"Clancey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B3.7744925","article-title":"Exchange intramedullary nailing: its used in aseptic tibial nonunion","volume":"77","author":"Court-Brown","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196500430-00012","article-title":"Treatment of delayed or nonunion fractures of the tibia by a medullary nail","volume":"43","author":"Lottes","year":"1965","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31513-3","article-title":"Treatment of tibial malunions and nonunions with reamed intramedullary nails","volume":"21","author":"Mayo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198908000-00037","article-title":"Treatment of infected nonunion and delayed union of tibia fractures with locking intramedullary nails","volume":"245","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199504000-00007","article-title":"Intramedullary nailing of aseptic tibial nonunions without the use of the fracture table","volume":"9","author":"Moed","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib18","first-page":"169","article-title":"Exchange reamed intramedullary nailing for delayed union and nonunion of the tibia","volume":"315","author":"Templeman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199406000-00002","article-title":"Nonunion of the tibia treated with a reamed intramedullary nail","volume":"8","author":"Wiss","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200201000-00004","article-title":"Modified tibial nails for treating distal tibia fractures","volume":"16","author":"Gorczyca","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200410000-00005","article-title":"Nonunion of the distal tibia treated by reamed intramedullary nailing","volume":"18","author":"Richmond","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199104000-00029","article-title":"Locked intramedullary fixation for metaphyseal malunion and nonunion","volume":"265","author":"McLaren","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)00213-7","article-title":"The unreamed tibial nail in the treatment of distal metaphyseal fractures","volume":"30","author":"Mosheiff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199004000-00035","article-title":"Delayed intramedullary nailing after failed external fixation of the tibia","volume":"253","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib25","first-page":"268","article-title":"Risk of deep infection with intramedullary nailing following the use of external fixators","volume":"36","author":"Marshall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199501000-00027","article-title":"The treatment of tibial nonunion with angular deformity using an Ilizarov device","volume":"38","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19890401-05","article-title":"Infected tibial pseudoarthrosis: a 2-year follow up on patients treated by Ilizarov technique","volume":"12","author":"Morandi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31511-X","article-title":"Treatment of malunions and mal-nonunions of the femur and tibia by detailed preoperative planning and the Ilizarov techniques","volume":"21","author":"Paley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib29","first-page":"609","article-title":"The Ilizarov technique in the treatment of infected tibial nonunions","volume":"18","author":"Pearson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31509-1","article-title":"Tibial nonunions. Treatment tactics with the Ilizarov method","volume":"21","author":"Schwartsman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib31","first-page":"16","article-title":"Posttraumatic nonunion of the distal tibial metaphysic. Treatment using the Ilizariv circular external fixator","author":"Lonner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000169806.08994.E2","article-title":"Reconstruction with distraction osteogenesis for juxta-articular nonunions with bone loss","volume":"58","author":"Kabata","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib33","first-page":"196","article-title":"Morbidity resulting from the treatment of tibial nonunion with the Ilizarov frame","volume":"45","author":"Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199912000-00032","article-title":"Infected nonunion of the tibia","volume":"369","author":"Ring","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199611000-00005","article-title":"Blade plate reconstruction of metaphyseal nonunion of the tibia","volume":"332","author":"Carpenter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(01)00196-6","article-title":"The use of a locking custom contoured blade plate for peri-articular nonunions","volume":"34","author":"Harvey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200304000-00031","article-title":"Salvage of distal tibia metaphyseal nonunions with the 9\u00b0 cannulated blade plate","volume":"409","author":"Chin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"}],"container-title":["Foot and Ankle Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083751508000703?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083751508000703?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T02:53:04Z","timestamp":1684637584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1083751508000703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1083751508000703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}}}