{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:59:11Z","timestamp":1777381151216,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foot and Ankle Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,25]],"date-time":"2009-10-25T04:19:56Z","timestamp":1256444396000},"page":"617-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Anatomy and Biomechanical Aspects of the Gastrocsoleus Complex"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib1","first-page":"107","article-title":"The structure of the calcaneal tendon (of Achilles) in relation to orthopaedic surgery with additional observations on the plantaris muscle","volume":"83","author":"Cummins","year":"1946","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib2","unstructured":"Testut L. Troit\u00e9 d Anatomie Humaine. (Vol. 1). Paris; Doin: 1921. p. 992 [in French]."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300022501","article-title":"Achilles tendon disorders in athletes","volume":"30","author":"Schepsis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib4","first-page":"4224","article-title":"Disorders of tendons and fascia","volume":"vol. 4, 10th edition","author":"Murphy","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib5","unstructured":"Baudet B. The tennis leg. Presented at the International Spring Meeting of the French Foot Societies. Tolouse (France); June 9, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib6","series-title":"Functional reconstruction of the foot and ankle","first-page":"39","article-title":"Heel cord injuries","author":"Hansen","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B3.3997956","article-title":"The myth of muscle balance: a study of relative strengths and excursions of normal muscles about the foot and ankle","volume":"67","author":"Silver","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00596.2003","article-title":"Mapping of movement in the isometrically contracting human soleus muscle reveals details of its structural and functional complexity","volume":"95","author":"Finni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01048.x","article-title":"Differential strain patterns of the human gastrocnemius aponeurosis and free tendon, in vivo","volume":"177","author":"Magnusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib10","series-title":"Anatomy of the foot and ankle: descriptive topographic functional","first-page":"199","article-title":"Myology","author":"Sarrafian","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2005.01.011","article-title":"The anatomy of the Achilles tendon","volume":"10","author":"O'Brien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079501600707","article-title":"Anatomy of the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia in relation to the calcaneus in various age groups","volume":"16","author":"Snow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib13","series-title":"Baxter's the foot and ankle in sport","first-page":"147","article-title":"Achilles tendon disorders including tendinosis and tears","author":"Title","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2007.10.005","article-title":"Management of partial tears of the gastro-soleus complex","volume":"27","author":"Smigielski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2007.07.006","article-title":"Noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Henessy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677108989070","article-title":"Experimental rupture of Achilles tendon","volume":"42","author":"Barfred","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib17","first-page":"89","article-title":"The histology of tendon attachment to bone in man","volume":"149","author":"Benjamin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000709","article-title":"Assymetrical loading of the human triceps surae: I. Mediolateral force differences in the Achilles tendon","volume":"20","author":"Arndt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib19","series-title":"Foot and ankle: core knowledge in orthopaedics","first-page":"200","article-title":"Achilles tendon problems","author":"Smith","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B1.2914976","article-title":"The blood supply of the calcaneal tendon","volume":"71","author":"Carr","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg\u00a0Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib21","first-page":"491","article-title":"Vascular distribution in the Achilles tendon: an angiographic and microangiographic study","volume":"116","author":"Curt","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198603020-00003","article-title":"Achilles tendon lesion in sport","volume":"3","author":"Williams","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib23","series-title":"Ankle foot complex: gait analysis: normal and pathology function","author":"Perry","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1944.sp004075","article-title":"Absolute muscle force in ankle flexors of man","volume":"103","author":"Haxton","year":"1944","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2007.03.005","article-title":"The role of isolated gastrocnemius and combined Achilles contractures in the flatfoot","volume":"12","author":"DiGiovanni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000710","article-title":"Assymetrical loading of the human triceps surae. II. Differences in calcaneal moments","volume":"20","author":"Arndt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib27","unstructured":"Hansen ST, Mann RM. Gastrocnemius equinus: is it real, does it affect the foot, and how\/when do we treat it [program]? From: American orthopaedic foot and ankle specialty day. San Diego (CA); 2007."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198204000-00010","article-title":"Forces predicted at the ankle during running","volume":"14","author":"Burdett","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib29","series-title":"Lovell and Winter's pediatric orthopaedics","first-page":"131","article-title":"Normal gait and assessment of gait disorders","author":"Davids","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-85-6-295","article-title":"Ankle equines: prevalence and linkage to common foot pathology","volume":"85","author":"Hill","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200206000-00010","article-title":"Isolated gastrocnemius tightness","volume":"84","author":"DiGiovanni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-79-4-159","article-title":"Gastrocnemius recession in the treatment of nonspastic ankle equinus: a retrospective study","volume":"79","author":"Downey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-65-9-849","article-title":"Tendo Achilles lengthening and its effect on foot disorders","volume":"65","author":"Sgarlato","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Podiatry Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900111","article-title":"Functional biomechanical deficits in running athletes with plantar fasciitis","volume":"19","author":"Kibler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199904000-00011","article-title":"Lengthening of the Achilles tendon in diabetics patients who are at high risk for ulceration of the foot","volume":"81","author":"Armstrong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199804000-00015","article-title":"Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle","volume":"349","author":"Schon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(97)80072-5","article-title":"Eletron microscopic investigation of the effects of diabetes mellitus on the Achilles tendon","volume":"36","author":"Grant","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199507000-00022","article-title":"Dynamic support of the human longitudinal arch: a biomechanical evaluation","volume":"316","author":"Thodarson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib39","first-page":"165","article-title":"Forces acting upon the foot during locomotion","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Root","year":"1977"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.11.024","article-title":"Biomechanical characterization and clinical implications of artificially induced toe-walking: differences between pure soleus, pure gastrocnemius, and combination of soleus and gastrocnemius contractures","volume":"39","author":"Matjacic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006_bib41","series-title":"Gait analysis in cerebral palsy","author":"Gage","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Foot and Ankle Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083751509000849?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083751509000849?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T06:38:01Z","timestamp":1558593481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1083751509000849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1083751509000849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}