{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:44:02Z","timestamp":1765608242161},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]],"date-time":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1267401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foot and Ankle Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,26]],"date-time":"2010-02-26T10:37:47Z","timestamp":1267180667000},"page":"23-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Use of Tourniquets and Their Effects on Limb Function in the Modern Combat Environment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John F.","family":"Kragh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318160937e","article-title":"Prehospital tourniquet use in Operation Iraqi Freedom: effect on hemorrhage control","volume":"64","author":"Beekley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31816086b1","article-title":"Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma","volume":"64","author":"Kragh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31818842ba","article-title":"Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma","volume":"249","author":"Kragh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181645d77","article-title":"The symbiosis of combat casualty care and civilian trauma care: 1914\u20132007","volume":"64","author":"Pruitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib5","series-title":"Breathing the fire: fighting to report-and survive-the war in Iraq","author":"Dozier","year":"2008"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib6","first-page":"S221","article-title":"Tourniquets for hemorrhage control on the battlefield: a 4-year accumulated experience","volume":"54","author":"Lakstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-153-04-19","article-title":"Tourniquet use in combat trauma: UK military experience","volume":"153","author":"Brodie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(89)90142-3","article-title":"Preventability of death from penetrating injury in England and Wales","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000173699.71652.BA","article-title":"Mortality from isolated civilian penetrating extremity injury","volume":"59","author":"Dorlac","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib10","unstructured":"Burns BD, Zuckerman S. Fragmentation panel of the static detonation committee, advisory council on Scientific Research and Technical Development. United Kingdom: Ministry of Supply; 1942. RC350."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318163b875","article-title":"Combat wounds in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom","volume":"64","author":"Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib12","series-title":"Battle casualties: incidence, mortality and logistic considerations","author":"Beebe","year":"1952"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31802f78fb","article-title":"Characterization of extremity wounds in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom","volume":"21","author":"Owens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1952.03680020007003","article-title":"Wound ballistics and body armor","volume":"150","author":"Holmes","year":"1952","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1954.03690350019006","article-title":"Medical aspects of body armor used in Korea","volume":"155","author":"Holmes","year":"1954","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S146","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318160b44c","article-title":"Joint Theater Trauma System implementation of burn resuscitation guidelines improves outcomes in severely burned military casualties","volume":"64","author":"Ennis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318185a9ad","article-title":"Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients","volume":"248","author":"Holcomb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31816093bd","article-title":"Now and then: combat casualty care policies for Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom compared with those of Vietnam","volume":"64","author":"Cordts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318176c533","article-title":"Damage control resuscitation for vascular surgery in a combat support hospital","volume":"65","author":"Fox","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181608c4a","article-title":"The effectiveness of a damage control resuscitation strategy for vascular injury in a combat support hospital: results of a case control study","volume":"64","author":"Fox","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/149.2.55","article-title":"The causes of death in conventional land warfare: implications for combat casualty care research","volume":"149","author":"Bellamy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib22","first-page":"S13","article-title":"A profile of combat injury","volume":"54","author":"Champion","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(98)00082-9","article-title":"Lethal injuries and time to death in a level I trauma center","volume":"186","author":"Acosta","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199502000-00006","article-title":"Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment","volume":"38","author":"Sauaia","year":"1885","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000259433.03754.98","article-title":"Causes of death in U.S. special operations forces in the Global War on Terrorism: 2001\u20132004","volume":"245","author":"Holcomb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318160b9fb","article-title":"Injury severity and causes of death from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2003\u20132004 versus 2006","volume":"64","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200009000-00021","article-title":"United States Army Rangers in Somalia: an analysis of combat casualties on an urban battlefield","volume":"49","author":"Mabry","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.171.8.687","article-title":"Tactical combat casualty care in the assault on Punta Paitilla Airfield","volume":"171","author":"Mucciarone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib29","series-title":"Observations on the general effects of injury in man: with special reference to wound shock","author":"Grant","year":"1951"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib30","first-page":"672","article-title":"The internal state of the severely wounded man on entry to the most forward hospital","volume":"22","author":"Beecher","year":"1947","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101159","article-title":"The effect of the application of tourniquets on the hemodynamics of the circulation","volume":"19","author":"Ebert","year":"1940","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-194511000-00001","article-title":"A study of shock in battle casualties: measurements of the blood volume changes occurring in response to therapy","volume":"122","author":"Emerson","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199910000-00003","article-title":"Long-term follow-up study of bilateral above-the-knee amputees from the Vietnam War","volume":"81","author":"Dougherty","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1951.02920220001001","article-title":"Early care of the seriously wounded man","volume":"145","author":"Beecher","year":"1951","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(70)90051-6","article-title":"Surgical experience in a combat zone","volume":"119","author":"Feltis","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib36","first-page":"1","article-title":"The wounded from Alamein: observations on wound shock and its treatment","author":"Wilson","year":"1943","journal-title":"Army Medical Department Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195503000-00001","article-title":"Clinical experiences in the early management of the most severely injured battle casualties","volume":"141","author":"Artz","year":"1955","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib38","first-page":"635","article-title":"Exsanguination in public: a preventable death","volume":"22","author":"Rocko","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib39","series-title":"Gunshot wounds: pathophysiology and management","author":"Swan","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib40","series-title":"Burns, shock, wound healing and vascular injuries","author":"National Research Council","year":"1943"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e31815cfe30","article-title":"Is survival time after hemorrhage a heritable, quantifiable trait? An initial assessment","volume":"29","author":"Klemcke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra067742","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of major blood loss","volume":"356","author":"Mannucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J\u00a0Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000226159.84194.34","article-title":"Tourniquet cuff pressure: the gulf between science and practice","volume":"61","author":"Tejwani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib44","series-title":"The tourniquet manual","author":"Klenerman","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib45","series-title":"PHTLS prehospital trauma life support: military version","author":"NAEMT (National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians)","year":"2007"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2510(08)70289-4","article-title":"The return of tourniquets: original research evaluates the effectiveness of prehospital tourniquets for civilian penetrating extremity injuries","volume":"33","author":"Kalish","year":"2008","journal-title":"JEMS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181986959","article-title":"Tourniquets revisited","volume":"66","author":"Swan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib48","first-page":"16","article-title":"From the battlefield to our streets: how combat medicine is revolutionizing civilian prehospital care","volume":"Oct","author":"Cain","year":"2008","journal-title":"JEMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib49","series-title":"Seal!","author":"Walsh","year":"1994"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib50","first-page":"2188","volume":"112","author":"Pillgram-Larsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib51","unstructured":"Pillgram-Larsen J. Compressive bandage, not tourniquet. Experience in 68 patients with traumatic amputation after mine injuries. NATO Research & Technical Organisation Human Factors and Medicine Panel 2004;109-02:1\u20138."},{"issue":"5317","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/233265a0","article-title":"Nature of the nerve lesion caused by a pneumatic tourniquet","volume":"233","author":"Ochoa","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(92)90111-E","article-title":"Perineural pressures under the pneumatic tourniquet in the upper extremity","volume":"17","author":"Graham","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199301000-00038","article-title":"Occlusion of arterial flow in the extremities at subsystolic pressures through the use of wide tourniquet cuffs","volume":"286","author":"Graham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120500255123","article-title":"Effectiveness of self-applied tourniquets in human volunteers","volume":"9","author":"Walters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib56","first-page":"77","article-title":"Tourniquet problems in war injuries","volume":"87","author":"Wolf","year":"1945","journal-title":"Bull US Army Med Dep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.170.9.770","article-title":"Issues related to the use of tourniquets on the battlefield","volume":"170","author":"Walters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-180","article-title":"Influence of fiber-type composition on recovery from tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"33","author":"Walters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3180437dd9","article-title":"Extended (16-hour) tourniquet application after combat wounds: a case report and review of the current literature","volume":"21","author":"Kragh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib60","series-title":"War surgery field manual","author":"Husum","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000104494.62175.2F","article-title":"Prehospital tourniquets: there should be no controversy","volume":"56","author":"Husum","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181932329","article-title":"Tourniquets: another adjunct in damage control?","volume":"249","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.01.065","article-title":"An evaluation of tactical combat casualty care interventions in a combat environment","volume":"207","author":"Tien","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1936.01180200156008","article-title":"The effects of constriction and release of an extremity: an experimental study of the tourniquet","volume":"32","author":"Wilson","year":"1936","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1966.210.3.513","article-title":"Cause of death in tourniquet shock in rats","volume":"210","author":"van der Meer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib66","first-page":"48","article-title":"Vascular phenomena: vascular complications in orthopedics","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"1948","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1974.tb06402.x","article-title":"Tourniquet paralysis","volume":"44","author":"Middleton","year":"1974","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B8.17668","article-title":"Tourniquet use and its complications in Norway","volume":"88","author":"Odinsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib69","series-title":"The hand and upper limb","first-page":"5","article-title":"The tourniquet","volume":"vol. 3","author":"McGraw","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib70","series-title":"Ranger Medic Handbook","author":"75th Ranger Regiment Trauma Management Team","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001_bib71","unstructured":"B\u00f6hler L. The treatment of fractures, vol.1. [Tretter H, Luchini HB, Kreuz F, et al, trans.] New York: Grune & Stratton; 1956. p. 126\u20138."}],"container-title":["Foot and Ankle Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083751509001107?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083751509001107?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T17:04:15Z","timestamp":1685466255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1083751509001107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1083751509001107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcl.2009.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}}}