{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T22:53:15Z","timestamp":1774479195133,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["foot.theclinics.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot and Ankle Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T14:16:02Z","timestamp":1506608162000},"page":"745-760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Noninsertional Tendinopathy of the Achilles"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Avreeta","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Calafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Diefenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kreulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Giza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2009.1132","article-title":"Current concepts review: noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"30","author":"Courville","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.95B10.31881","article-title":"Achilles tendinopathy: a review of the current concepts of treatment","volume":"95","author":"Roche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199808000-00001","article-title":"Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of tendonitis: an analysis of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Almekinders","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7338.626","article-title":"Time to abandon the \u201ctendinitis\u201d myth","volume":"324","author":"Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2011.04.007","article-title":"Epidemiologic investigation of 1394 feet: coincidence of hindfoot malalignmentand Achilles tendon disorders","volume":"18","author":"Waldecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090342","article-title":"Incidence of midportion Achilles tendinopathy in the general population","volume":"45","author":"de Jonge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500213","article-title":"Injuries in runners","volume":"15","author":"Lysholm","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199807000-00001","article-title":"Tendinopathy: an Achilles' heel for athletes and clinicians","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2006.67.2.20463","article-title":"Understanding and managing Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"67","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J\u00a0Hosp Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00683.x","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of lower extremity injuries in male marathon runners","volume":"18","author":"Van Middelkoop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000165347.55638.23","article-title":"Cumulative incidence of Achilles tendon rupture and tendinopathy in male former elite athletes","volume":"15","author":"Kujala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173100-00009","article-title":"Histopathological changes preceding spontaneous rupture of a tendon. A controlled study of 891 patients","volume":"73","author":"Kannus","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib13","unstructured":"Maffulli N, Longo UG, et\u00a0al. Open management of achilles tendinopathy. Weisel SW, editor. Operative techniques in orthopedic surgery. 2011. p. 4443\u20136. Chapter 118."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30507-X","article-title":"Cell-matrix response in tendon injury","volume":"11","author":"Leadbetter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200301","article-title":"Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis. Etiology and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Clements","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30506-8","article-title":"Biomechanical loading of achilles tendon during normal locomotion","volume":"11","author":"Komi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.4.239","article-title":"Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management","volume":"36","author":"Kader","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/00132585-200008010-00009","article-title":"An operative approach to achilles tendinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Benazzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib19","first-page":"491","article-title":"Vascular distribution in the achilles tendon; an angiographic and microangiographic study","volume":"116","author":"Lagergren","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160511","article-title":"Blood supply of the achilles tendon","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100120214","article-title":"Blood flow in the human achilles tendon assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry","volume":"12","author":"Astrom","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib22","first-page":"5","article-title":"The clinical importance of the calcaneal tendon vasculature (tendo calcaneus)","volume":"34","author":"Niculescu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Morphol Embryol (Bucur)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B1.2914976","article-title":"The blood supply of the calcaneal tendon","volume":"71","author":"Carr","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20758","article-title":"The arterial anatomy of the achilles tendon: anatomical study and clinical implications","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"308","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib25","first-page":"166","article-title":"Blood flow in chronic achilles tendinopathy","author":"Astrom","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib26","first-page":"327","article-title":"Epidemiological factors associated with rupture of the Achilles tendon","volume":"23","author":"Holmes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Contemp Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.1.76","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors","volume":"289","author":"Mokdad","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801995","article-title":"Obesity, atherosclerosis and the vascular endothelium: mechanisms of reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in obese humans","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701115","article-title":"Etiologic factors associated with symptomatic achilles tendinopathy","volume":"27","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(97)80072-5","article-title":"Electron microscopic investigation of the effects of diabetes mellitus on the Achilles tendon","volume":"36","author":"Grant","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0498","article-title":"Achilles tendinopathy in diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Batista","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079101200207","article-title":"Human achilles tendon: morphological and morphometric variations as a function of age","volume":"12","author":"Strocchi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2014.03.022","article-title":"Drug-induced tendinopathy: from physiology to clinical applications","volume":"81","author":"Kirchgesner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib34","first-page":"188","article-title":"Achilles tendon injuries in athletes","volume":"80","author":"Kvist","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Chir Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200101000-00002","article-title":"The role of impact forces and foot pronation: a new paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Nigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00123.x","article-title":"Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic tendon disorders in sports","volume":"7","author":"Kannus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib37","series-title":"Human tendon: anatomy, physiology and pathology","author":"Jozsa","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00107-4","article-title":"cDNA-arrays and real-time quantitative PCR techniques in the investigation of chronic Achilles tendinosis","volume":"21","author":"Alfredson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib39","first-page":"660","article-title":"Re: etiologic factors associated with symptomatic achilles tendinopathy","volume":"28","author":"Maffulli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B1.12792","article-title":"Tendinopathy of tendo Achilles","volume":"84","author":"Maffulli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200301000-00003","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of achilles tendinopathy with tendinosis","volume":"13","author":"Maffulli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(98)70021-0","article-title":"Overuse tendon conditions: time to change a confusing terminology","volume":"14","author":"Maffulli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.97.10.472","article-title":"Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management","volume":"97","author":"Maffulli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.035543","article-title":"A\u00a0treatment algorithm for managing Achilles tendinopathy: new treatment options","volume":"41","author":"Alfredson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029020-00005","article-title":"Chronic achilles tendinosis: recommendations for treatment and prevention","volume":"29","author":"Alfredson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506295940","article-title":"Eccentric loading, shock wave treatment, or a wait-and-see policy for tendinopathy of the main body of teno Achillitis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Rompe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"20\u201322","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701785825","article-title":"Mid-portion achilles tendinopathy current options for treatment","volume":"30","author":"Rompe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib48","series-title":"Sport injuries: basic principles of prevention and care","first-page":"449","article-title":"Tendon overuse injuries. Diagnosis and treatment","author":"Leadbetter","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280050301","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of patients with achilles tendinopathy: an observational 8-year follow-up study","volume":"28","author":"Paavola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260030301","article-title":"Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis","volume":"26","author":"Alfredson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31818ef090","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Magnussen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-004-0494-8","article-title":"Effects on neovascularisation behind the good results with eccentric training in chronic mid-portion achilles tendinosis?","volume":"12","author":"Ohberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.031732","article-title":"Effects of short-term treatment strategies over 4\u00a0weeks in Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"41","author":"Mayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.032532","article-title":"The additional value of a night splint to eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"de Vos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.052142","article-title":"One-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial on added splinting to eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"44","author":"de Jonge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200601071295","article-title":"Effects of celecoxib on migration, proliferation and collagen expression of tendon cells","volume":"48","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00125.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of chronic tendon disorders in sports","volume":"7","author":"Sandmeier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30233-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapy and sports injury: the role of non-steroidal drugs and corticosteroid injection","volume":"14","author":"Leadbetter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199610000-00007","article-title":"Achilles tendonitis: are corticosteroid injections useful or harmful?","volume":"6","author":"Shrier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00129.x","article-title":"Local corticosteroid injection in sport: review of literature and guidelines for treatment","volume":"7","author":"Fredberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7309.382","article-title":"Fortnightly review: corticosteroid injections in tendon lesions","volume":"323","author":"Speed","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-7515(02)00056-6","article-title":"Tendon healing: adverse role of steroid injection\u2014myth or reality","volume":"7","author":"Paavola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200404000-00020","article-title":"Fluoroscopically guided low-volume peritendinous corticosteroid injection for Achilles tendinopathy. A safety study","volume":"86-A","author":"Gill","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.22.2.64","article-title":"Achilles paratendonitis: an evaluation of steroid injection","volume":"22","author":"DaCruz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0838.2003.00305.x","article-title":"Iontophoresis with or without dexamethasone in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon pain","volume":"13","author":"Neeter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740310004126","volume":"33","author":"Fredberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9754","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61160-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"376","author":"Coombes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509349921","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: from basic science to clinical applications","volume":"37","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508314430","article-title":"Can platelet-rich plasma enhance tendon repair? A cell culture study","volume":"36","author":"de Mos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autologous blood and platelet rich plasma injections in the treatment of achilles tendinopathy: a critically appraised topic","volume":"24","author":"Sinnott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511404877","article-title":"One-year follow-up of platelet-rich plasma treatment in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"de Jonge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.076398","article-title":"No effects of PRP on ultrasonographic tendon structure and neovascularisation in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"45","author":"De Vos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1986","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"de Vos","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22199","article-title":"The role of platelets in the treatment of achilles tendon injuries","volume":"31","author":"Sadoghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2014.0490","article-title":"Optimization of an injectable tendon hydrogen: the effects of platelet rich plasma and adipose-derived stem cells on tendon healing in\u00a0vivo","volume":"21","author":"Chiou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.12.009","article-title":"Exploring the application of stem cells in tendon repair and regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s001670000189","article-title":"Neovascularisation in Achilles tendons with painful tendinosis but not in normal tendons: an ultrasonographic investigation","volume":"9","author":"Ohberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2174\/187152507780363232","article-title":"Sclerosing polidocanol injections of small vessels to treat the chronic painful tendon","volume":"5","author":"Alfredson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-004-0585-6","article-title":"Sclerosing injections to areas of neo-vascularisation reduce pain in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Alfredson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-006-0161-3","article-title":"Sclerosing polidocanol injections in mid-portion Achilles tendinosis: remaining good clinical results and decreased tendon thickness at 2-year follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Lind","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701788225","article-title":"High volume image guided injections in chronic Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2012.07.002","article-title":"High volume image guided injections for the management of chronic tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon","volume":"14","author":"Maffulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.09.007","article-title":"The short-term effects of high volume image guided injections in resistant non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Humphrey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2001.000284","article-title":"Eccentric training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis: normalised tendon structure and decreased thickness at follow up","volume":"38","author":"Ohberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508326983","article-title":"Eccentric loading versus eccentric loading plus shock-wave treatment for midportion achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Rompe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514531911","article-title":"The effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in lower limb tendinopathy: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Mani-Babu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldq006","article-title":"Autologous growth factor injections in chronic tendinopathy: a systematic review","volume":"95","author":"de Vos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f2310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2310","article-title":"Impact of autologous blood injections in treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: double blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"346","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.21.3.218","article-title":"Autologous blood injection to treat Achilles tendinopathy? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Pearson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701800907","article-title":"Chronic disorders of the Achilles tendon: results of conservative and surgical treatments","volume":"18","author":"Johnston","year":"1997","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0759","article-title":"Surgical strategies: noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"29","author":"Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib92","first-page":"573","article-title":"Management of Achilles tendinopathy by ultrasound-guided percutaneous tenotomy","volume":"34","author":"Testa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500618","article-title":"Results of percutaneous longitudinal tenotomy for Achilles tendinopathy in middle- and long-distance runners","volume":"25","author":"Maffulli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0415-8","article-title":"Treatment of midportion Achilles tendinosis: similar clinical results with US and CD-guided surgery outside the tendon and sclerosing polidocanol injections","volume":"15","author":"Alfredson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.081216","article-title":"Ultrasound and Doppler-guided mini-surgery to treat mid-portion Achilles tendinosis: results of a large material and a randomised study comparing two scraping techniques","volume":"45","author":"Alfredson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib96","first-page":"336","article-title":"The plantaris tendon and a potential role in mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: an observational anatomical study","volume":"218","author":"van Sterkenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2010.08.004","article-title":"The role of plantaris longus in achilles tendinopathy: a biomechanical study","volume":"17","author":"Lintz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1514-0","article-title":"Good outcome after stripping the plantaris tendon in patients with chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"19","author":"van Sterkenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2011.04.008","article-title":"Achilles tendinoscopy and plantaris tendon release and division in the treatment of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"18","author":"Pearce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716667445","article-title":"Clinical and functional outcomes of gastrocnemius recession for chronic achilles tendinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Molund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2013.03.031","article-title":"Surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy: long-term results of the endoscopic technique","volume":"52","author":"Maquirriain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.30065b","article-title":"Endoscopic surgery in chronic achillles tendinopathies; a preliminary report","volume":"18","author":"Maquirriain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1938640011434508","article-title":"Treatment of chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy with endoscopic Achilles tendon debridement and flexor hallucis longus transfer","volume":"3","author":"Lui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Spec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079301400803","article-title":"Repair of chronic Achilles tendon rupture with flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer","volume":"14","author":"Wapner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199209000-00026","article-title":"Long-term results of surgical management of Achilles tendinitis in runners","volume":"282","author":"Leach","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270061101","article-title":"Surgical decompression of chronic central core lesions of the Achilles tendon","volume":"27","author":"Maffulli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280012501","article-title":"Chronic Achilles tendon overuse injury: complications after surgical treatment. An analysis of 432 consecutive patients","volume":"28","author":"Paavola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100604","article-title":"Anatomy of the sural nerve and its relation to the Achilles tendon","volume":"21","author":"Webb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0545","article-title":"Augmented tendon Achilles repair using a tissue reinforcement scaffold: a biomechanical study","volume":"32","author":"Giza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"}],"container-title":["Foot and Ankle Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083751517300761?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1083751517300761?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T16:35:54Z","timestamp":1659544554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1083751517300761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1083751517300761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Noninsertional Tendinopathy of the Achilles","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Foot and Ankle Clinics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcl.2017.07.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}