{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:21:17Z","timestamp":1770481277369,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013391","name":"Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]],"date-time":"2007-08-22T07:13:20Z","timestamp":1187766800000},"page":"380-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Protective effects of Pycnogenol\u00ae on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Young-Su","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tai-Hwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Chan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Jong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woojin","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Chun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyoung-Chin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Choon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"vol. 105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00157-4","article-title":"Carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation: eicosanoid formation and their regulation by antioxidant nutrients","volume":"189","author":"Basu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(97)03764-2","article-title":"Prevention of lipid peroxidation induced by ochratoxin A in Vero cells in culture by several agents","volume":"104","author":"Baudrimont","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2744(199811)23:3<175::AID-MC6>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"The effect of vitamin E acetate on ultraviolet-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Berton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02905.x","article-title":"Chemistry of the antioxidant effect of polyphenols","volume":"957","author":"Bors","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2170179","article-title":"Studies of the relationship between the catalytic activity and binding of nonsubstrate ligands by the glutathione S-transferases","volume":"217","author":"Boyer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-3084(02)00110-X","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of green tea polyphenols on free radical initiated peroxidation of rat liver microsomes","volume":"120","author":"Cai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2003.00843.x","article-title":"Alternative medicines and the liver","volume":"23","author":"Fogden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-6-4","article-title":"Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) after oral administration to healthy volunteers","volume":"6","author":"Grimm","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib11","first-page":"133","article-title":"Influence on prolonged ethanol intake on the level and turnover of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase and glutathione","volume":"23","author":"Gueeri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42804-3","article-title":"2-Propylthiouracil does not replace glutathione for the glutathione transferases","volume":"259","author":"Habig","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426506021003255","article-title":"The use of selected nutrition supplements and complementary and alternative medicine in liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Hanje","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8719(03)00019-4","article-title":"Optimization of the dose and route of injection, and characterisation of the time course of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat","volume":"48","author":"Janakat","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-4-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Johansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovas. Diabetol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00198-2","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress study: are plasma antioxidants markers of CCl4 poisoning?","volume":"28","author":"Kadiska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)01113-1","article-title":"Assay of inducible form of nitric oxide synthase activity: effect of flavonoids and plant extracts","volume":"301","author":"Kobuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00104-1","article-title":"Protective effect of Platycodi radix on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.08.003","article-title":"The protective effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.10078","article-title":"Effects of pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"17","author":"Maritim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.266.5190.1586.b","article-title":"Mutant mice, Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, and motor neuron degeneration","volume":"266","author":"McCord","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1611","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of pycnogenol in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"18","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib25","first-page":"20","article-title":"Transaminase compared with cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase an index of hepatocellular integrity","volume":"3","author":"Molander","year":"1955","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(79)90289-7","article-title":"Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver","volume":"582","author":"Moron","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib27","first-page":"537","article-title":"Covalent protein adducts in the liver as a result of ethanol metabolism and lipid peroxidation","volume":"70","author":"Niemela","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay of lipid peroxides in animal tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00090-8","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol","volume":"27","author":"Packer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260118","article-title":"In situ detection of lipid peroxidation by-products in chronic liver diseases","volume":"26","author":"Paradis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1934","article-title":"Pycnogenol\u00ae protects against ionizing radiation as shown in the intestinal mucosa of rats exposed to X-rays","volume":"20","author":"Ramos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(89)90050-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity","volume":"43","author":"Recknagel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253360","article-title":"Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress","volume":"7","author":"Reiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP40158","article-title":"A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology","volume":"40","author":"Rohdewald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27445","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease","volume":"34","author":"Seeff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6142","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i38.6142","article-title":"An herbal formula, CGX, exerts hepatotherapeutic effects on dimethylnitrosamine-induced chronic liver injury model in rats","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10311","article-title":"Pycnogenol\u00ae and vitamin E inhibit ethanol-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells","volume":"59","author":"Siler-Marsiglio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05993.x","article-title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with liver disease","volume":"97","author":"Strader","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib40","first-page":"137","article-title":"Interaction of lipid peroxidation product with DNA","volume":"195","author":"Vaca","year":"1988","journal-title":"A Rev. Mutat. Res. Rev. Genet. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/713611034","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model","volume":"33","author":"Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib42a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040483","article-title":"Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: an example of free radical-mediated injury","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1382-6689(03)00045-0","article-title":"Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine against carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene-induced poisoning in rats","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016_bib44","series-title":"Diagnostic Enzymology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enzymes in hepatic disease","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1970"}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691507003067?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691507003067?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T20:41:55Z","timestamp":1759524115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691507003067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278691507003067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Protective effects of Pycnogenol\u00ae on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2007.08.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}