{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:29:23Z","timestamp":1787786963648,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,28]],"date-time":"2009-05-28T05:02:18Z","timestamp":1243486938000},"page":"2022-2030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Protective effect of Cichorium glandulosum root extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Upur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Amat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Bla\u017eekovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Talip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2004.02133.x","article-title":"Acute and clinically relevant drug-induced liver injury: a population based case\u2013control study","volume":"58","author":"Abajo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00145-4","article-title":"Antihepatotoxic activity of seeds of Cichorium intybus","volume":"87","author":"Ahmed","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00042-9","article-title":"Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic activities of Phellinus rimosus (Berk) Pilat","volume":"81","author":"Ajith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050649","article-title":"Reactive oxygen intermediates and eicosanoid production by Kupffer cells and infiltrated macrophages in acute and chronic liver injury induced in rats by CCl4","volume":"49","author":"Alric","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00589-5","article-title":"Protective effect of aminoguanidine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice","volume":"66","author":"Al-Shabanach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-998-0032-9","article-title":"Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease","volume":"75","author":"Aruoma","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1424","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1424","article-title":"Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly","volume":"271","author":"Beckman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib8","series-title":"Phytotherapy. A Quick Reference to Herbal Medicine","author":"Capasso","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)32099-X","article-title":"The importance of redox state in liver damage","volume":"3","author":"Cesaratto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib10","first-page":"269","article-title":"Potential of medicinal herbs in the treatment of liver disorders","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.01.008","article-title":"Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe barbadensis Mill. against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"111","author":"Chandan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522409","article-title":"Protection by multiple antioxidants against lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524033479582","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in liver injury","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7429","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0611668","article-title":"High-throughput relative DPPH radical scavenging capacity assay","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.04.034","article-title":"The effects of oxidative stress on the liver sieve","volume":"41","author":"Cogger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1053\/j.mpmed.2006.10.003","article-title":"Alcohol and the liver","volume":"35","author":"Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00406-X","article-title":"Primary cultures of human hepatocytes as a tool in cytotoxicity studies: cell protection against model toxins by flavonolignans obtained from Silybum marianum","volume":"137","author":"Dvorak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib18","unstructured":"European Pharmacopoeia, 2004. fourth ed., Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 676."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease","volume":"53","author":"Flora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib20","series-title":"Signal Transduction by Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: Pathways and Chemical Principles","author":"Forman","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1997.0262","article-title":"Esculetin prevents liver damage induced by paracetamol and CCl4","volume":"37","author":"Gilani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91886-5","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation, oxygen radicals, cell damage and antioxidant therapy","volume":"1","author":"Halliwell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.07.003","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of Toona Sinensis leaves extracts using different antioxidant models","volume":"46","author":"Hseu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.10.011","article-title":"Protective effect of the Aralia continentalis root extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice","volume":"47","author":"Hwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/65.2.166","article-title":"Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity","volume":"65","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.09.009","article-title":"Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Momordica dioica Roxb. leaves","volume":"115","author":"Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2003.05.002","article-title":"Studies on the protective effects of caffeic acid and quercetin on chemical-induced hepatotoxicity in rodents","volume":"11","author":"Janbaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib28","series-title":"Measuring Immunity: Basic Science and Clinical Practice","first-page":"598","article-title":"Viral responses \u2013 hepatitis","author":"Kanto","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2650090307","article-title":"Antihepatotoxic effects of chlorogenic acid from Anthocephalus cadamba","volume":"9","author":"Kapil","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00677.x","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of galactosamine-1-phosphate and its inhibition of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase","volume":"10","author":"Keppler","year":"1969","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-005-0002-6","article-title":"Hepatoprotective constituents in plants 15: protective effects of natural-occurring flavonoids and miscellaneous phenolic compounds as determined in an HepG2 cell cytotoxicity assay","volume":"60","author":"Kinjo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2003-11-1206","article-title":"Root constituents of Cichorium pumilum and rearrangements of some lactucin-like Guaianolides","volume":"58","author":"Kisiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.17221\/1848-HORTSCI","article-title":"Nutritional composition and yield of endive cultivars \u2013 Cichorium endivia L.","volume":"34","author":"Koudela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hort. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/152308601300185214","article-title":"Prooxidant and antioxidant functions of nitric oxide in liver toxicity","volume":"3","author":"Laskin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/22.1.34","article-title":"The effects of 10 triterpenoid compounds on experimental liver injury in mice","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib36","first-page":"945","article-title":"Inulin and fructans","volume":"32","author":"Marchetti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ind. Aliment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1764","article-title":"The nitric oxide scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761","volume":"201","author":"Marcocci","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2003.04.003","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of medicinal herb Rhodococcum vitis-idaea on galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats","volume":"11","author":"Myagmar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.12.016","article-title":"Free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity of jigrine against galactosamine induced hepatopathy in rats","volume":"97","author":"Najmi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.02.007","article-title":"Effect of Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai (Araliaceae) on d-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatitis","volume":"92","author":"Nan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2008.04.014","article-title":"Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives occurring in Cichorium endivia vegetables","volume":"48","author":"Papetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.06.007","article-title":"A toxicologist guide to the diagnostic interpretation of hepatic biochemical parameters","volume":"45","author":"Ramaiah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib44","first-page":"22","article-title":"A comparative study on inulin and esculin content of in vitro and in vivo plants of chicory (Cichorium intybus L. Cv. Lucknow Local)","volume":"1","author":"Ranjitha Kumari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)07129-7","article-title":"Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity","volume":"19","author":"Recknagel","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.08.034","article-title":"Potential in vitro antioxidant and protective effects of Soymida febrifuga on ethanol induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells","volume":"46","author":"Reddy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1991.tb03519.x","article-title":"Effect of hydroxyethylrutenosides and related compounds on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity. Some structural aspects","volume":"43","author":"Rekka","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90169-4","article-title":"Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions","volume":"37","author":"Robak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.9.49","article-title":"Mechanisms of cell death in oxidative stress","volume":"9","author":"Ryter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2220001","article-title":"Free-radical mechanisms in tissue injury","volume":"222","author":"Slater","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2005.00332.x","article-title":"Ferulic acid, a natural protector against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.8.1512","article-title":"Xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity: mechanisms of liver injury and methods of monitoring hepatic function","volume":"43","author":"Sturgill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.027","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of allicin on tissue defense system in galactosamine\/endotoxin challenged rats","volume":"90","author":"Vimal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib54","series-title":"Drogenanalyse","author":"Wagner","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.11.013","article-title":"Isolation of three sesquiterpene lactones from the roots of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss et Huet. by high-speed counter-current chromatography","volume":"1176","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(98)00087-7","article-title":"Anti-hepatotoxic effects of root and root callus extracts of Cichorium intybus L.","volume":"63","author":"Zafar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691509002452?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691509002452?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T20:52:46Z","timestamp":1759524766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691509002452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278691509002452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Protective effect of Cichorium glandulosum root extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}