{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:37:09Z","timestamp":1790105829615,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,30]],"date-time":"2009-10-30T04:28:20Z","timestamp":1256876900000},"page":"417-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Allium sativum L. extract prevents methyl mercury-induced cytotoxicity in peripheral blood leukocytes (LS)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"F.H.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.P.","family":"Bell\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.S.","family":"De Bona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.E.R.","family":"Bitencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.S.","family":"Pigatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.B.","family":"Moretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem011","article-title":"The use of Alamar Blue assay for quantitative analysis of viability, migration and invasion of choriocarcinoma cells","volume":"22","author":"Al-Nasiry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.3.716S","article-title":"Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic","volume":"136","author":"Amagase","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1039\/b719348c","article-title":"Do garlic-derived allyl sulfides scavenge peroxyl radicals?","volume":"21","author":"Amorati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10383","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine as a potential antidote and biomonitoring agent of methylmercury exposure","volume":"116","author":"Aremu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01514-4","article-title":"Dose-dependent induction of endogenous antioxidants in rat heart by chronic administration of garlic","volume":"70","author":"Banerjee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(95)80029-8","article-title":"Comparison of tetrazolium colorimetric and 51Cr release assays for cytotoxicity determination of dental biomaterials","volume":"11","author":"Bean","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dent Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00390.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of adenosine deaminase activity in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of young and adult rats: effect of garlic extract (Allium sativum L.) on their susceptibility to heavy metal exposure","volume":"104","author":"Bell\u00e9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480412331290512","article-title":"Effect of temperature on soluble invertase activity, and glucose, fructose and sucrose status of onion bulbs (Allium cepa) in store","volume":"55","author":"Benkeblia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.1987.2.4.213","article-title":"A study on the effect of garlic to the heavy metal poisoning of rat","volume":"2","author":"Cha","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20476","article-title":"Mechanisms of mercury disposition in the body","volume":"10","author":"Clarkson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.05.010","article-title":"Methylmercury interaction with lymphocyte cholinergic muscarinic receptors in developing rats","volume":"103","author":"Coccini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00235.2007","article-title":"Renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of S-allylcysteine in 5\/6 nephrectomized rats","volume":"293","author":"Cruz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/08923970701690993","article-title":"Selective effect of mercury on Th2-type cytokine production in humans","volume":"29","author":"de Vos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1993.82","article-title":"Garlic and its significance for the prevention of cancer in humans: a critical view","volume":"67","author":"Dorant","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2005.09.010","article-title":"Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"13","author":"Eidi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026013394831","article-title":"Toxic metals and oxidative stress part I: mechanisms involved in metal-induced oxidative damage","volume":"6","author":"Ercal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib17","first-page":"48","article-title":"Dual-attribute continuous monitoring of cell proliferation\/cytotoxicity","volume":"11","author":"Fields","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Biotechnol. Lab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390802240918","article-title":"Effects of physiological concentrations of heavy metals both individually and in mixtures on the viability and function of peripheral blood human leukocytes in vitro","volume":"71","author":"Fortier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib18a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.05.013","article-title":"Methylmercury neurotoxicity is associated with inhibition of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase","volume":"47","author":"Franco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.06.023","article-title":"Methylmercury cytotoxicity in PC12 cells is mediated by primary glutathione depletion independent of excess reactive oxygen species generation","volume":"204","author":"Gatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1159\/000459567","article-title":"Temperature conversion factors, activation energy, relative substrate specificity and optimum pH of adenosine deaminase from human serum and tissues","volume":"12","author":"Giusti","year":"1971","journal-title":"Enzyme"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2007.00230.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of garlic against oral streptococci","volume":"5","author":"Groppo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2007.07.002","article-title":"Garlic extract reduces serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in nondiabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats","volume":"14","author":"Hosseini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/03601239709373094","article-title":"Mercuric chloride-induced reactive oxygen species and its effect on antioxidant enzymes in different regions of rat brain","volume":"32","author":"Hussain","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.2007031","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous shallot and garlic extracts in rats with fructose-induced insulin resistance","volume":"41","author":"Jalal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.07.012","article-title":"Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.01.017","article-title":"The use of fluorescence for detecting MeHg-induced ROS in cell cultures","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.09.004","article-title":"Protective roles of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium-induced changes in sperm character and testicular oxidative damage in rats","volume":"46","author":"Ola-Mudathir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.62.4.921","article-title":"Identification of a mechanism by which the methylmercury antidotes N-acetylcysteine and dimercaptopropanesulfonate enhance urinary metal excretion: transport by the renal organic anion transporter-1","volume":"62","author":"Koh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233708098122","article-title":"The influence of methylmercury on the nitric oxide production of alveolar macrophages","volume":"24","author":"Kuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1999.40.5.483","article-title":"Protective effects of garlic juice against embryotoxicity of methylmercuric chloride administered to pregnant Fischer 344 rats","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000195086","article-title":"Lung protection by a thiol-containing antioxidant: N-acetylcysteine","volume":"1","author":"Mold\u00e9us","year":"1986","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.05.022","article-title":"Ebselen protects glutamate uptake inhibition caused by methyl mercury but does not by Hg2+","volume":"214","author":"Moretto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.19.305","article-title":"Aged garlic extract prolongs longevity and improves spatial memory deficit in senescence-accelerated mouse","volume":"19","author":"Moriguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.1016S","article-title":"The effects of aged garlic extract on lipid peroxidation and the deformability of erythrocytes","volume":"131","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib35","first-page":"247","article-title":"Mercury compounds and the immune system: a review","volume":"10","author":"Moszczy\u0144ski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-1637(02)00049-1","article-title":"Garlic and aging: new insights into an old remedy","volume":"2","author":"Rahman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1039\/b417639c","article-title":"Bioactive S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: the chemistry of potential therapeutic agents","volume":"22","author":"Rose","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/15.6.525","article-title":"Mutagenicity of mercury chloride and mechanisms of cellular defence. The role of metal-binding proteins","volume":"15","author":"Schurtz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(02)00403-5","article-title":"Methylmercury enhances arachidonic acid release and cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression in primary cultures of neonatal astrocytes","volume":"106","author":"Shanker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.05.022","article-title":"Free radical formation in cerebral cortical astrocytes in culture induced by methylmercury","volume":"128","author":"Shanker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2005000600012","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of mercury chloride and methylmercury chloride on human lymphocytes in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Silva-Pereira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V11.5.436.436","article-title":"Studies on the fibrinogen, dextran and phytohemaglutinin methods of isolating leukocytes","volume":"11","author":"Skoog","year":"1956","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.06.009","article-title":"Serum adenosine deaminase enzyme and plasma platelet factor 4 activities in active pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV-seropositive subjects and cancer patients","volume":"52","author":"Tarhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10116","article-title":"Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health","volume":"3","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.000885","article-title":"High absorption but very low bioavailability of oral resveratrol in humans","volume":"32","author":"Walle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1997.3748","article-title":"Immune system alteration in the rat after indirect exposure to methyl mercury chloride or methyl mercury sulfide","volume":"74","author":"Wild","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033_bib47","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 1999. Bulbus Allii sativi. Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, vol. 1. Geneva."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691509004943?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691509004943?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T20:52:29Z","timestamp":1759524749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691509004943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278691509004943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Allium sativum L. extract prevents methyl mercury-induced cytotoxicity in peripheral blood leukocytes (LS)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}