{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:23:40Z","timestamp":1787066620450,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,10]],"date-time":"2012-02-10T12:03:42Z","timestamp":1328875422000},"page":"1517-1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Control of konzo in DRC using the wetting method on cassava flour"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"J.P.","family":"Banea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Nahimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Mandombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Howard","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C.","family":"Denton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/03670240500348771","article-title":"The use of cassava leaves as food in Africa","volume":"44","author":"Achidi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology Food Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0005","first-page":"3","article-title":"Konzo in Angola","volume":"16","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"CCDN News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/156482659201400201","article-title":"Shortcuts in cassava processing and risk of dietary cyanide exposure in Zaire","volume":"14","author":"Banea","year":"1992","journal-title":"Food Nutrition Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0015","unstructured":"Banea Mayambu, J.P., 1993. Cassava Processing, Dietary Cyanide Exposure and Konzo in Zaire. Masters Thesis. Uppsala Univesity, Uppsala, Sweden, p. 55."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/02724930092048","article-title":"Dietary cyanide from insufficiently processed cassava and growth retardation in children in the DRC","volume":"20","author":"Banea Mayambu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Paediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1994.375.11","article-title":"Genotype-environment interactions for cyanogenic potential in cassava","volume":"375","author":"Bokanga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Hort."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/48.4.234","article-title":"Konzo outbreak in the South West of the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996","volume":"48","author":"Bonmarin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2005.04.012","article-title":"Simple wetting method to reduce cyanogen content of cassava flour","volume":"19","author":"Bradbury","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Comp. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.12.053","article-title":"Rapid wetting method to reduce cyanogen content of cassava flour","volume":"121","author":"Bradbury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.02.053","article-title":"Mild methods of processing cassava leaves to remove cyanogens and conserve key nutrients","volume":"127","author":"Bradbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(19990315)79:4<593::AID-JSFA222>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Determination of all forms of cyanogens in cassava roots and cassava products using picrate paper kits","volume":"79","author":"Bradbury","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.04.049","article-title":"Uptake of wetting method in Africa to reduce cyanide poisoning and konzo from cassava","volume":"49","author":"Bradbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3109\/09637489809089388","article-title":"Cyanogenic potential of cassava flour: field trial in Mozambique of a simple kit","volume":"49","author":"Cardoso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480410001725265","article-title":"Combination of cassava flour cyanide and urinary thiocyanate measurements of school children in Mozambique","volume":"55","author":"Cardoso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2004.04.002","article-title":"Processing of cassava roots to remove cyanogens","volume":"18","author":"Cardoso","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Comp. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.07.050","article-title":"Appearance of konzo in South-Kivu, a wartorn area in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"49","author":"Chabwine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.081","article-title":"Konzo outbreaks among refugees from Central African Republic in Eastern region, Cameroon","volume":"49","author":"Ciglenecki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0090","unstructured":"Cliff, J., 2010. Konzo count, CCDN News No. 15, p. 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90742-1","article-title":"Association of high cyanide and low sulphur intake in cassava induced spastic paraparesis","volume":"11","author":"Cliff","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.06.056","article-title":"Konzo and continuing cyanide intoxication from cassava in Mozambique","volume":"49","author":"Cliff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.02.062","article-title":"Reduction of cyanide content of cassava flour in Mozambique by the wetting method","volume":"101","author":"Cumbana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0110","unstructured":"Diasolua Ngudi, D., 2005. Konzo and cassava toxicity: a study of associated nutritional factors in the Popokabaka District, DRC. Ph D Thesis. Universiteit Gent, Belgium."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.1373","article-title":"Amino acid profiles and protein quality of cooked cassava leaves or saka\u2013saka","volume":"83","author":"Diasolua Ngudi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.06.053","article-title":"Konzo and dietary pattern in cassava consuming populations of Popokabaka, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"49","author":"Diasolua Ngudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199801)76:1<39::AID-JSFA947>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Simple picrate paper kit for determination of the cyanogenic potential of cassava flour","volume":"76","author":"Egan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00042-6","article-title":"Persistent konzo and cyanogen toxicity from cassava in northern Mozambique","volume":"82","author":"Ernesto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0135","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO, 1991. Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission XII, Suppl. 4. FAO, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.9.1459","article-title":"Simple method for determination of thiocyanate in urine","volume":"45","author":"Haque","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1994.375.32","article-title":"Konzo, a new human disease entity","volume":"372","author":"Howlett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Hort."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.1.223","article-title":"Konzo, an epidemic upper motor neuron disease studied in Tanzania","volume":"113","author":"Howlett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0155","first-page":"102","article-title":"A geographical cluster of konzo in Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"Howlett","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Trop. Geogr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0160","unstructured":"Karumba, A.K., Denton, I.C., Bradbury, J.H., 2009. Cyanide poisoning and konzo from cassava in South Kivu Province, DRC. CCDN News No. 13, p. 2."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740680214","article-title":"Bitterness of cassava: identification of a new apiosyl glucoside and other components that affect its bitter taste","volume":"68","author":"King","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0170","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Mozambique, 1984. Mantakassa; an epidemic of spastic paraparesis associated with chronic cyanide intoxication in a cassava staple area in Mozambique. 1. Epidemiology and clinical laboratory findings in patients. Bull. WHO, 62, 477\u2013484."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.09.017","article-title":"Recurrence of konzo in southern Tanzania: rehabilitation and prevention using the wetting method","volume":"49","author":"Mlingi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0180","first-page":"3","article-title":"Field trial in Mozambique of a new method for detoxifying cyanide in cassava products","volume":"6","author":"Muquingue","year":"2005","journal-title":"CCDN News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3337","article-title":"Rising African cassava production, diseases due to high cyanide intake and control measures","volume":"88","author":"Nhassico","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/50.2.228","article-title":"Bioactivation of cyanide to cyanate in sulfur amino acid deficiency: relevance to neurological disease in humans subsisting on cassava","volume":"50","author":"Tor-Agbidye","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0195","unstructured":"Trolli, G., 1938. Paraplegie spastique epidemique, \u201cKonzo\u201d des indigenes du Kwango. In: Trolli, G. (Ed.), Resume des observations reunies, au Kwango, au sujet de deux affections d\u2019origine indeterminee. Fonds reine Elisabeth, Brussels, pp. 1\u201336."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001_b0200","unstructured":"World Health Organisation, 1996. Konzo: a distinct type of upper motor neuron disease. Weekly Epidemiol. Record 71, 225\u2013232."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691512000774?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691512000774?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T21:06:09Z","timestamp":1759525569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691512000774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0278691512000774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Control of konzo in DRC using the wetting method on cassava flour","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}