{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:01:32Z","timestamp":1790017292526,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T17:37:58Z","timestamp":1535477878000},"page":"194-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Follow that botanical: Challenges and recommendations for assessing absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of botanical dietary supplements"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Suramya","family":"Waidyanatha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Roe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary F.","family":"Paine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill J.","family":"Gurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5552-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses S.S.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Devito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Rider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2174\/138920010791110818","article-title":"An update on drug interactions with the herbal medicine. Ginkgo biloba","volume":"11","author":"Abad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007","volume":"12","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1078\/094471103321648692","article-title":"Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review","volume":"1","author":"Barrett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.07.067","article-title":"Liver toxicity and carcinogenicity in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed to kava kava","volume":"49","author":"Behl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib5","series-title":"Herbal Medicine, Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, 2011","author":"Benzie","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib6","article-title":"Vinpocetine for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"1","author":"Bereczki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib7","first-page":"S32","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Ginkgo biloba extracts","volume":"36","author":"Biber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960467","article-title":"Bioavailability of ginkgolides and bilobalide from extracts of ginkgo biloba using GC\/MS","volume":"65","author":"Biber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.161927","article-title":"Two flavonolignans from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) inhibit CYP2C9-mediated warfarin metabolism at clinically achievable concentrations","volume":"332","author":"Brantley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.052563","article-title":"A systematic approach to evaluate herb-drug interaction mechanisms: investigation of milk thistle extracts and eight isolated constituents as CYP3A inhibitors","volume":"41","author":"Brantley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.055236","article-title":"Herb-drug interactions: challenges and opportunities for improved predictions","volume":"42","author":"Brantley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.14","article-title":"Effect of ginkgo biloba on blood pressure and incidence of hypertension in elderly men and women","volume":"23","author":"Brinkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.05.013","article-title":"How similar is similar enough? A sufficient similarity case study with ginkgo biloba extract","volume":"118","author":"Catlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1207","article-title":"Embryo-fetal development studies with the dietary supplement vipocetine in the rat and rabbit","volume":"110","author":"Catlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part B: Dev. Reproductive Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200211209050640","article-title":"Herb-drug interactions and mechanistic and clinical considerations","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metabol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.05.641","article-title":"Mechanism study of goldenseal-associated DNA damage","volume":"221","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12285","article-title":"Systemic and cerebral exposure to and pharmacokinetics of flavonols and terpene lactones after dosing standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts to rats via different routes of admistration","volume":"170","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Britsh J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 2002-2012","volume":"79","author":"Clarke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. Health. Stat. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/074823378500100408","article-title":"Risk assessment extrapolations and physiological modeling","volume":"4","author":"Clewell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-40450","article-title":"A brief history of EGb761 and its therapeutic uses","volume":"36","author":"deFeudis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.683","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"300","author":"DeKosky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1089\/108076802317373941","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a Ginkgo biloba extract","volume":"18","author":"Drago","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701459978","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of Ma Huang\/caffeine or ephedrine\/caffeine in a rodent model system","volume":"35","author":"Dunnick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib24","first-page":"35","article-title":"Black cohosh: a literature review","author":"Foster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Herbalgram. Winter"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib25","first-page":"137","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of Bilobalide and Ginkgolides A and B in healthy subjects after intravenous and oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761)","volume":"50","author":"Fourtillan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib26","first-page":"54","article-title":"Assessment of health claims, content, and safety of herbal supplements containing Ginkgo biloba","volume":"30","author":"Fransen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.065086","article-title":"Milk thistle constituents inhibit raloxifene intestinal glucuronidation: a potential clinically relevant natural product-drug interaction","volume":"43","author":"Gufford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12047","article-title":"Quantitative prediction and clinical evalution of an unexplored herb-drug interacton mechanism in healthy volunteers","volume":"4","author":"Gufford","year":"2015","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1298273","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions (Part 1): origins, mechansims, and the impact of botanical dietary supplements","volume":"78","author":"Gurley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200522060-00006","article-title":"Clinical assessment of effects of botanical supplementation on cytochrome P450 phenotypes in the elderly: st. John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba","volume":"22","author":"Gurley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1298331","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions (Part 2): drug interactions involving popular botanical detary supplements and their clinical relevance","volume":"78","author":"Gurley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4155\/ipk-2016-0009","article-title":"Practical considerations when designing and conducting clinical pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction studies","volume":"2","author":"Gurley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacokinetics."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211795164194","article-title":"ADME properties of herbal medicines in humans: evidence, challenges and strategies","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmaceut. Des."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(92)90225-V","article-title":"A strategy for discovering biologically active compounds with high probability in traditional Chinese herb remedies: an application of saiboku-to in bronchial asthma","volume":"202","author":"Homma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib35","first-page":"S76","article-title":"The polypharmacokinetics of herbal medicines","volume":"350","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.12.005","article-title":"Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment","volume":"243","author":"Jordan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17145","article-title":"Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold","volume":"6","author":"Karsch-V\u00f6lk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.337","article-title":"Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey","volume":"287","author":"Kaufman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5b00121","article-title":"Effect of natural polyphenols on CYP metabolism: implications for diseases","volume":"28","author":"Korobkova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1211\/002235702199","article-title":"Influence of pharmaceutical quality on the bioavailability of active components from Ginkgo biloba preparations","volume":"54","author":"Kressmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.030","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of high oral dose (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice","volume":"48","author":"Lambert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2174\/138920010791110926","article-title":"An integrated metabolomics and pharmacokinetics strategy for multi-component drugs evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Lan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib43","article-title":"Towards polypharmacokinetics: pharmacokinetics of multicomponent drugs and herbal medicines using a metabolomics approach","volume":"2013","author":"Lan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Base. Compl. Alternat. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib44","first-page":"CD007244","article-title":"Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms","author":"Leach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5935","article-title":"Incidence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in herbal medicines from German retail markets: risk assessment and inplications to consumers","volume":"31","author":"Letsyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.05.056","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative determination of complicated herbal components by liquid chromatography hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry and a relative exposure approach to herbal pharmacokinetics independent of standards","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.120709","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of ephedrine alkaloids on human 1- and 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes","volume":"322","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31816054bf","article-title":"United States Pharmacopeia review of the black cohosh case reports of hepatotoxicity","volume":"15","author":"Mahady","year":"2008","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2005.10.048","article-title":"LC-MS characterization of terpene lactones in plasma of experimental animals treated with Ginkgo biloba extracts Correlation with pharmacological activity","volume":"40","author":"Mauri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.316","article-title":"Liquid chromatography\/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of terpene lactones in plasma of volunteers dosed with Ginkgo biloba L. extracts","volume":"15","author":"Mauri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.05.022","article-title":"An ethanolic extract of black cohosh causes hematological changes but not estrogenic effects in female rodents","volume":"263","author":"Mercado-Feliciano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib53","article-title":"NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of kava kava extract (CAS No. 9000-38-8) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice","volume":"571","author":"National Toxicology Program (NTP)","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl. Toxicol. Progr. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib54","article-title":"NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of ginkgo biloba extract (CAS No. 90045-36-6) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1\/N mice","volume":"578","author":"National Toxicology Program (NTP)","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl. Toxicol. Progr. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib55","article-title":"Toxicology studies of green tea extract in F344\/NTac rats and B6C3F1\/N mice and Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of green tea extract in Wistar Han[Crl:Wi(Han)] rats and B6C3F1\/N mice","volume":"585","author":"National Toxicology Program (NTP)","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl. Toxicol. Progr. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2687-9","article-title":"Catechins in dietary supplements and hepatotoxicity","volume":"58","author":"Navarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802104-0.00035-4","article-title":"The global regulatory framework for medicinal plants","author":"Picking","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy:Fundamentals. Appl. Strat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925640","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/925640","article-title":"Implications of green tea and its constituents in the prevention of cancer via the modulation of cell signalling pathway","volume":"2015","author":"Rahmani","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373517706612","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of herbal medicine use among adults in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Rashrash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Patient Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313501235","article-title":"Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of Ginkgo biloba extract in rat and mouse: liver, thyroid, and nose are targets","volume":"42","author":"Rider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib62","article-title":"Finding the bad actor: challenges in identifying active constituents in botanical dietary supplements","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.01.004","article-title":"Assessing natural product-drug interactions: an end-to-end safety framework","volume":"76","author":"Roe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2009.04.026","article-title":"Liquid chromatography\/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry of bilobalide in plasma and brain of rats after oral administration of its phospholipidic complex","volume":"50","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-1-200107030-00036","article-title":"Kava hepatotoxicity","volume":"135","author":"Russmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200309000-00015","article-title":"Hepatic injury due to traditional aqueous extracts of kava root in New Caledonia","volume":"15","author":"Russmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib67","first-page":"591","article-title":"Goitrogenic effects of green tea extract catechins by dietary administration in rats","volume":"10","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.11.001","article-title":"Toxicity of green tea extracts and their constituents in rat hepatocytes in primary culture","volume":"43","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.04.007","article-title":"Naturally complex: perspectives and challenges associated with botanical dietary supplement safety assessment","author":"Shipkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib70","first-page":"56","article-title":"Herbal supplement sales in US increase 7.7% in 2016. Consumer preferences shifting toward ingredients with general wellness benefits, driving growth of adaptogens and digestive health products","volume":"115","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"HerbalGram"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1913","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults. A randomized trial","volume":"302","author":"Snitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.066902","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs and botanical dietary supplements","volume":"44","author":"Sprouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-1840-1","article-title":"Effect of the anti-depressant sertraline, the novel anti-seizure drug vinpocetine and several conventional antiepileptic drugs on the epileptiform EEG activity induced by 4-aminopyridine","volume":"41","author":"Sitges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2012.03008.x","article-title":"Evaluation of documented drug interactions and contraindications associated with herbs and dietary supplements: a systematic literature review","volume":"66","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1250286","article-title":"Plasma and brain levels of terpene trilactones in rats after an oral single dose of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761","volume":"77","author":"Ude","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-013-0074-5","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extracts: a review of the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients","volume":"52","author":"Ude","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2013.815200","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving Ginkgo biloba","volume":"45","author":"Unger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib78","series-title":"Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(02)00172-3","article-title":"Chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves and extracts","volume":"967","author":"van Beek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1021\/tx7000493","article-title":"The role of quality assurance and standardization in the safety of botanical dietary supplements","volume":"20","author":"van Breemen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.251","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 23-epi-26-deoxyactein in women after oral administration of a standardized extract of black cohosh","volume":"87","author":"van Breemen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"338","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.11.011","article-title":"Systemic exposure of vinpocetine in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats following repeated oral exposure: an investigation of fetal transfer","volume":"1","author":"Waidyanatha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-0008-7","article-title":"LC-DAD-APCI-MS-based screening and analysis of the absorption and metabolite components in plasma from a rabbit administered an oral solution of danggui","volume":"383","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2816","article-title":"Screening and analysis of the multiple absorbed bioactive components and metabolites of Dangguibuxue decoction by the metabolic fingerprinting technique and liquid chromatography\/diode-array detection mass spectrometry","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.11.014","article-title":"Analysis of the constituents in the rat plasma after oral administration of Yin Chen Hao Tang by UPLC\/Q-TOFMS\/MS","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.01.001","article-title":"A bio-activity guided in vitro pharmacokinetic method to improve the quality control of Chinese medicines, application to Si Wu Tang","volume":"406","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3074","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of bilobalide, ginkgolide A and B after administration of three different Ginkgo biloba L. preparations in humans","volume":"24","author":"Woelkart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300318m","article-title":"Metabolic fate of tea polyphenols in humans","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2004.09.009","article-title":"Chemical fingerprint and metabolic fingerprint analysis of Danshen injection by HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS methods","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm.Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.06.007","article-title":"Proliposomes containing a bile salt for oral delivery of Ginkgo biloba extract: formulation optimization, characterization, oral bioavailability and tissue distribution in rats","volume":"77","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmaceut. Sci."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691518306197?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691518306197?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T21:44:35Z","timestamp":1759527875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691518306197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["S0278691518306197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Follow that botanical: Challenges and recommendations for assessing absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of botanical dietary supplements","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.062","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}