{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:50:20Z","timestamp":1789915820417,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013420","name":"Ministry for Primary Industries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013420","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T18:38:25Z","timestamp":1546627105000},"page":"225-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metabolism of cyanogenic glycosides: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6791-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Cressey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Reeve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1479-8","article-title":"Bioavailability of cyanide after consumption of a single meal of foods containing high levels of cyanogenic glycosides: a crossover study in humans","volume":"90","author":"Abraham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1139\/y85-177","article-title":"On the metabolism of amygdalin. 1. The LD50 and biochemical changes in rats","volume":"63","author":"Adewusi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253010","article-title":"Pharmacology of amygdalin (laetrile) in cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Ames","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1139\/y77-021","article-title":"Fate of orally dosed linamarin in the rat","volume":"55","author":"Barrett","year":"1977","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/15287397809529695","article-title":"Effect of linamarin on thiocyanate production and thyroid activity in rats","volume":"4","author":"Barrett","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib6","series-title":"Role of Cassava in the Etiology of Endemic Goitre and Cretinism","first-page":"15","article-title":"Cassava toxicity: the role of linamarin","author":"Bourdoux","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(99)00015-0","article-title":"Metabolic fates in humans of linamarin in cassava flour ingested as stiff porridge","volume":"37","author":"Carlsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(80)90504-3","article-title":"Role of the gastrointestinal microflora in amygdalin (laetrile)-induced cyanide toxicity","volume":"29","author":"Carter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2012.33.5.1470","article-title":"Metabolic pharmacokinetics in rats: differences between pure Amygdalin and Amygdalin in a decoction of peach seeds","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Korean Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib10","series-title":"Discussion Paper on Cyanogenic Glycosides","author":"Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib11","series-title":"Toxic Substances in Crop Plants","first-page":"202","article-title":"Cyanogens","author":"Davis","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9540001310","article-title":"The influence of alkyl groups upon reaction velocities in solution. Part V. The dissociation constants of ketone cyanohydrins in aqueous alcohol","author":"Evans","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1139\/m84-243","article-title":"Hydrolysis of linamarin by intestinal bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Fomunyam","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(86)90206-1","article-title":"Comparative metabolism of linamarin and amygdalin in hamsters","volume":"24","author":"Frakes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib15","series-title":"Final Assessment Report Proposal P257. Advice on the Preparation of Cassava and Bamboo Shoots","first-page":"1","author":"FSANZ","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.07.036","article-title":"Identification of amygdalin and its major metabolites in rat urine by LC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"857","author":"Ge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00313-2","article-title":"Total cyanide determination of plants and foods using the picrate and acid hydrolysis methods","volume":"77","author":"Haque","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620030210","article-title":"Fate in humans of dietary intake of cyanogenic glycosides from roots of sweet cassava consumed in Cuba","volume":"3","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510010409","article-title":"Blood cyanide levels in mice after administration of amygdalin","volume":"1","author":"Hill","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biochemical aspects of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with special emphasis on cyanogenic glucosides - a review","volume":"25","author":"Jansz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Natl. Sci. Counc. Sri Lanka"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib21","series-title":"Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Cyanogenic Glycosides","author":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1039\/JR9280002533","article-title":"CCCXXXVI. - the conditions determining the thermodynamic stability of cyanohydrins of carbonyl compounds. Part I. Some effects of (a) substitution in aromatic aldehydes and (b) ring formation","author":"Lapworth","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1039\/JR9300001976","article-title":"The conditions determining the thermodynamic stability of cyanohydrins of carbonyl compounds. Part II. Dissociation constants of some cyanohydrins derived from methyl alkyl and phenyl alkyl ketones","author":"Lapworth","year":"1930","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(89)90031-8","article-title":"Metabolism of linamarin in rats","volume":"27","author":"Maduagwu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.6861648x","article-title":"Factors that determine rates of cyanogenesis in bovine ruminal fluid in vitro","volume":"68","author":"Majak","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03310310033018","article-title":"A pharmacologic and toxicological study of amygdalin","volume":"245","author":"Moertel","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.10.6513","article-title":"Amygdalin (Laetrile) and prunasin beta-glucosidases: distribution in germ-free rat and in human tumor tissue","volume":"78","author":"Newmark","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib28","first-page":"97","article-title":"Amygdalin toxicity studies in rats predict chronic cyanide poisoning in humans","volume":"134","author":"Newton","year":"1981","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v27i3.3061","article-title":"Relationship between the ingestion of cyanogenic glycosides and their excretion in urine","volume":"27","author":"Okafor","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Natl. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(88)90045-3","article-title":"The fate in the rat of ingested dhurrin present in sprouted sorghum grain","volume":"29","author":"Okoh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00232-1","article-title":"Exposure to cyanide following a meal of cassava food","volume":"135","author":"Oluwole","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(77)80039-2","article-title":"Physiological and biochemical changes associated with linamarin administration to rats","volume":"42","author":"Philbrick","year":"1977","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398109530060","article-title":"Influence of dose level and methionine intake on the effects of linamarin administration to rats","volume":"8","author":"Philbrick","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347879","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of amygdalin","volume":"49","author":"Rauws","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib35","first-page":"851","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of prunasin, a metabolite of amygdalin","volume":"19","author":"Rauws","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.12.47","article-title":"Toxicity of D, L-mandelonitrile-beta-D-glucoside 'prulaurasin' in rat","volume":"12","author":"Sakata","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib37","first-page":"10","article-title":"[Resorption of hydrocyanic acid from linseed]","volume":"13","author":"Schulz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Leber Magen Darm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib38","first-page":"171","article-title":"Cyanogenic glycosides of flaxseeds","volume":"662","author":"Shahidi","year":"1997","journal-title":"ACS (Am. Chem. Soc.) Symp. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3109\/09637481003796314","article-title":"Metabolites of amygdalin under simulated human digestive fluids","volume":"61","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib40","series-title":"Cyanogenic Glycosides, WHO Food Additives Series:30. Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Naturally Occurring Toxicants","first-page":"299","author":"Speijers","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(86)90580-0","article-title":"Intestinal first pass metabolism of amygdalin in the rat in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Strugala","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719501401107","article-title":"Small-intestinal transfer mechanism of prunasin, the primary metabolite of the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin","volume":"14","author":"Strugala","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(86)90162-7","article-title":"Fate of ingested linamarin in malnourished rats","volume":"20","author":"Umoh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.934","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of hexose transport to determine the mechanism of amygdalin and prunasin absorption in the intestine","volume":"23","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027869151930002X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027869151930002X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T21:47:47Z","timestamp":1759528067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027869151930002X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S027869151930002X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metabolism of cyanogenic glycosides: A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2019.01.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}