{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T17:17:48Z","timestamp":1784999868920,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007950","name":"Tanta University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T11:53:49Z","timestamp":1751457229000},"page":"115616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against testicular toxicity induced by bromoxynil octanoate herbicide through reducing oxidative stress, and inflammation and regulating PPAR-\u03b3\/FOXO1\/NF-\u03baB and Nrf-2\/HO-1 signaling pathways"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5807-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maysa M.F.","family":"El-Nagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa E.","family":"Elsisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152761","article-title":"Atrazine impairs testicular function in BalB\/c mice by affecting leydig cells","volume":"455","author":"Abarikwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072991","article-title":"Protective role of Spirulina platensis against acute deltamethrin-induced toxicity in rats","volume":"8","author":"Abdel-Daim","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.046","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis extracts and biogenic selenium nanoparticles against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi","volume":"29","author":"Abdel-Moneim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2017-0680","article-title":"Vildagliptin\/Pioglitazone combination improved the overall glycemic control in type I diabetic rats","volume":"96","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14146","article-title":"Testicular histopathology in rats co-exposed to heat and psychological stressors","volume":"9","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810975","article-title":"Recent advances of chitosan formulations in biomedical applications","volume":"23","author":"Abourehab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35484-3","article-title":"Pendimethalin-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and activation of anti-inflammatory and apoptotic markers in Male rats","volume":"8","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1380057","article-title":"New insights into the potential cardioprotective effects of telmisartan and nanoformulated extract of Spirulina platensis via regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in an experimental model","volume":"15","author":"Almukainzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib9","article-title":"Bromoxynil induced hepatic toxicity via dysregulating TLR4\/MyD88, JAK1\/STAT3 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways: a dose-dependent investigation. Tissue","volume":"93","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061117","article-title":"The effect of glyphosate on human sperm motility and sperm DNA fragmentation","volume":"15","author":"Anifandis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10050753","article-title":"Protective role of Spirulina platensis against bifenthrin-induced reprotoxicity in adult Male mice by reversing expression of altered histological, biochemical, and molecular markers including microRNAs","volume":"10","author":"Barkallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2018.1474926","article-title":"Pesticides induced oxidative stress and female infertility: a review","volume":"39","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1048258","article-title":"Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of spirulina in exercise and sport: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Calella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00491-x","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by the antioxidant haem oxygenase 1","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34300","article-title":"Exposures to pesticides and risk of cancer: evaluation of recent epidemiological evidence in humans and paths forward","volume":"152","author":"Cavalier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-022-00622-2","article-title":"Reducing overall herbicide use May reduce risks to humans but increase toxic loads to honeybees, earthworms, and birds","volume":"34","author":"Cech","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib18","series-title":"Oxidative Stress and Biomaterials. Elsevier Inc","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, and disease","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21870","article-title":"Oxidative damage of the Male reproductive system induced by paraquat","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, X., Zhang, X., Gong, X., Zhou, H., probes, C.C.-M. And cellular, 2020\u200f, undefined, n.d. Effects of Hyperoxia Exposure on the Expression of Nrf2 and Heme oxygenase-1 in Lung Tissues of Premature Rats\u200f. Elsevier\u200f.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2020.101529"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8090341","article-title":"Current status and future prospects in herbicide discovery","volume":"8","author":"Dayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114008","article-title":"Exposure to bromoxynil octanoate herbicide induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in testicular tissue via modulating NF-\u043aB pathway","volume":"180","author":"El-Nagar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114008","article-title":"Exposure to bromoxynil octanoate herbicide induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in testicular tissue via modulating NF-\u043aB pathway","volume":"180","author":"El-Nagar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1072787","article-title":"Potential of Spirulina platensis as a feed supplement for poultry to enhance growth performance and immune modulation","volume":"14","author":"El-Shall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib25","first-page":"613","article-title":"Effect of antioxidant on lead-induced oxidative damage and reproductive dysfunction in Male rabbits","volume":"6","author":"El-Tohamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030845","article-title":"Application of Arthrospira platensis for medicinal purposes and the food industry: a review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Gentscheva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02530","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and the FOXO1 transcription factors","volume":"10","author":"Graves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1041","article-title":"Effect of the IGF-1\/PTEN\/Akt\/FoxO signaling pathway on the development and healing of water immersion and restraint stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7953850","article-title":"Polydatin protects rat liver against ethanol-induced injury: involvement of CYP2E1\/ROS\/Nrf2 and TLR4\/NF- B p65 pathway","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. base Compl. Alternative Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3844\/ajptsp.2013.197.208","article-title":"Adiponectin regulation in type 2 diabetic rats: effects of insulin, metformin and dexamethasone","volume":"8","author":"Ismail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06592.x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen and mechanisms of inflammatory liver injury: present concepts","volume":"26","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9366-y","article-title":"Effects of adenosine A2a receptor agonist and antagonist on hippocampal nuclear factor-kB expression preceded by MDMA toxicity","volume":"28","author":"Kermanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib33","article-title":"Bromoxynil induced hepatic toxicity via dysregulating TLR4\/MyD88, JAK1\/STAT3, and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways: a dose-dependent investigation","volume":"10","author":"Khalid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110256","article-title":"Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against physiological, ultrastructural, and cell proliferation damage induced by furan in kidney and liver of rat","volume":"192","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib35","article-title":"FoxO transcription factors: applicability as a novel immune cell regulators and therapeutic targets in oxidative stress-related diseases","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib36","first-page":"109","article-title":"Changes in apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bax) in the urethras of old female rats following estrogen replacement","volume":"46","author":"Kinouchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Yonago Acta Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2022.100070","article-title":"Antioxidant and phytonutrient activities of Spirulina platensis","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.005","article-title":"Water soluble polysaccharides from spirulina Platensis: extraction and in vitro anti-cancer activity","volume":"74","author":"Kurd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab029","article-title":"Herbicide selection promotes antibiotic resistance in soil microbiomes","volume":"38","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib40","series-title":"Acute Liver Injury 2017","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of Antrodia cinnamomea : the modulation of oxidative stress signaling in a mouse model of alcohol-induced","author":"Liu","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2223-0","article-title":"Role of Nrf2\/HO-1 system in development, oxidative stress response and diseases: an evolutionarily conserved mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Loboda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317076","article-title":"Potential protective effects of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) against in vitro toxicity induced by heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead) on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells","volume":"24","author":"Mallamaci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/separations11090257","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from spirulina spp.\u2014Nutritional value, extraction, and application in food industry","volume":"11","author":"Marjanovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Separations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib45","first-page":"430","article-title":"Risk assessment and management of occupational exposure to pesticides in agriculture","volume":"97","author":"Maroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. del Lav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.06.009","article-title":"Nrf2 signaling and cell survival","volume":"244","author":"Niture","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100465","article-title":"Oxidative stress, NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in the testes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: combined protective effects of Malaysian propolis and metformin","volume":"8","author":"Nna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-3-17","article-title":"Biochemical study of oxidative stress markers in the liver, kidney, and heart of high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats","volume":"3","author":"Noeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics3040373","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and oxidative stress in rat testis following exposure to haloxyfop-p-methyl ester, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide","volume":"3","author":"Olayinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00651.2004","article-title":"Cytokine profiles in the testes of rats treated with lipopolysaccharide reveal localized suppression of inflammatory responses","volume":"288","author":"O'Bryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.05.017","article-title":"Diabetes, oxidative stress, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"1840","author":"Rochette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib53","first-page":"123","article-title":"Increased Bax\/bcl-2 ratio up-regulates caspase-3 and increases apoptosis in the thymus of patients with myasthenia gravis","volume":"21","author":"Salakou","year":"2007","journal-title":"(Brooklyn)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108088","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic activity of sitagliptin against concanavalin A-induced hepatic fibrosis. Role of Nrf2 activation\/NF-\u03baB inhibition","volume":"100","author":"Sharawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.09.010","article-title":"Spirulina \u2013 from growth to nutritional product: a review","volume":"69","author":"Soni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760100300541","article-title":"Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in cultured macrophages via production of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c release without mitochondrial depolarization","volume":"35","author":"Suen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib57","author":"Sunil Kumar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01083","article-title":"Ion imbalance is involved in the mechanisms of liver oxidative damage in rats exposed to glyphosate","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.000428","article-title":"Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) differentially regulates nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factors 1 and 2 (NRF1 and NRF2)","volume":"293","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.03.054","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Spirulina platensis extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01863-9","article-title":"Aucubin alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation via Nrf2-mediated signaling activity in experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/18716","article-title":"Laboratory tests with androgenic and anti-androgenic pesticides \u2013 comparative studies on endocrine modulation in the reproductive system of invertebrates and vertebrates","author":"Watermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pestic. Mod. World - Eff. Pestic. Expo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)30126-1","article-title":"Study of sperm vitality with the aid of eosin-nigrosin stain","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"1950","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib64","series-title":"The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097419","article-title":"Nrf2-inducing anti-oxidation stress response in the rat liver - new beneficial effect of lansoprazole","volume":"9","author":"Yamashita","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9983","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16129983","article-title":"Inhibitors of testosterone biosynthetic and metabolic activation enzymes","volume":"16","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:93:1-3:141","article-title":"Nickel deficiency diminishes sperm quantity and movement in rats","volume":"93","author":"Yokoi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2013.02.024","article-title":"Apoptosome structure, assembly, and procaspase activation","volume":"21","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616_bib69","first-page":"54","article-title":"Protective and curative role of Spirulina platensis extracts on cisplatin induce acute kidney injury in rats. Egypt","volume":"6","author":"Zakaria","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Sci."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691525003849?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691525003849?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T11:36:39Z","timestamp":1754480199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691525003849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S0278691525003849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against testicular toxicity induced by bromoxynil octanoate herbicide through reducing oxidative stress, and inflammation and regulating PPAR-\u03b3\/FOXO1\/NF-\u03baB and Nrf-2\/HO-1 signaling pathways","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115616","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115616"}}