{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T23:56:30Z","timestamp":1776815790404,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004799","name":"Australian Dental Research Foundation Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["512-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004799","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T15:14:10Z","timestamp":1761146050000},"page":"115811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Arecoline stimulates the IL-33\/13 axis and upregulates pro-fibrotic CTGF: A possible role in oral submucous fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"Pan Kit","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selene","family":"Papanastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Sarrafpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yogambha","family":"Ramaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Co","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Zoellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8491-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belal","family":"Chami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3413-x","article-title":"Molecular changes to the rat renal cotransporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 due to ageing","volume":"452","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.12.107","article-title":"Caspase 3 inactivates biologically active full length interleukin-33 as a classical cytokine but does not prohibit nuclear translocation","volume":"391","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(96)90054-5","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of arecoline in subjects with alzheimer's disease","volume":"60","author":"Asthana","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838575","article-title":"The pro-Th2 cytokine IL-33 directly interacts with invariant NKT and NK cells to induce IFN-gamma production","volume":"39","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400690","article-title":"Surface expression of phosphatidylserine on macrophages is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes","volume":"7","author":"Callahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9021","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812690106","article-title":"The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is inactivated after maturation by caspase-1","volume":"106","author":"Cayrol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12619","article-title":"Interleukin-33 (IL-33): a nuclear cytokine from the IL-1 family","volume":"281","author":"Cayrol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155891","article-title":"Interleukin-33 (IL-33): a critical review of its biology and the mechanisms involved in its release as a potent extracellular cytokine","volume":"156","author":"Cayrol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00364","article-title":"IL33: roles in allergic inflammation and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10136","article-title":"Developmental toxicity of arecoline, the major alkaloid in betel nuts, in zebrafish embryos","volume":"70","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50676","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404465200","article-title":"The induction of prostaglandin E2 production, interleukin-6 production, cell cycle arrest, and cytotoxicity in primary oral keratinocytes and KB cancer cells by areca nut ingredients is differentially regulated by MEK\/ERK activation","volume":"279","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2001.030008458.x","article-title":"Synergistic effects of nicotine on arecoline-induced cytotoxicity in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1998.tb02096.x","article-title":"Cytotoxic and non-genotoxic effects of arecoline on human buccal fibroblasts in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12219","article-title":"Arecoline-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from human buccal mucosal fibroblasts is mediated by ZEB1","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm201","article-title":"Characterization of arecoline-induced effects on cytotoxicity in normal human gingival fibroblasts by global gene expression profiling","volume":"100","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22137","article-title":"Arecoline-induced phosphorylated p53 and p21(WAF1) protein expression is dependent on ATM\/ATR and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase in clone-9 cells","volume":"107","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210120091473","article-title":"Neurological aspects of areca and betel chewing","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2009.00881.x","article-title":"Salivary arecoline levels during areca nut chewing in human volunteers","volume":"39","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00696.x","article-title":"Physiotherapeutic treatment improves oral opening in oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"38","author":"Cox","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01208617","article-title":"In vitro genotoxic effects of areca nut extract and arecoline","volume":"118","author":"Dave","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2010.04.004","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of CD34 for characterization and quantification of mucosal vasculature and its probable role in malignant transformation of atrophic epithelium in oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"46","author":"Desai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2015.12.018","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: review on mechanisms of malignant transformation","volume":"122","author":"Ekanayaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib23","series-title":"Disclosure: Jonathan Crane Declares No Relevant Financial Relationships with Ineligible Companies","article-title":"Histology, mast cells, StatPearls, treasure island (FL) ineligible companies","author":"Fong","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70064-8","article-title":"Dexamethasone suppresses gene expression and production of IL-13 by human mast cell line and lung mast cells","volume":"102","author":"Fushimi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33649","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9259","article-title":"IL-33 treatment attenuated diet-induced hepatic steatosis but aggravated hepatic fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e571","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.60234","article-title":"Mast cell expression in oral submucous fibrosis: a systematic review and metanalysis","volume":"15","author":"Gharote","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib27","article-title":"Mechanical tension increases CCN2\/CTGF expression and proliferation in gingival fibroblasts via a TGFbeta-dependent mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib28","article-title":"The immunolocalization of mast cells in the pathology of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0407200","article-title":"IL-33 induces IL-13 production by mouse mast cells independently of IgE-FcepsilonRI signals","volume":"82","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700663","article-title":"IL-33 can promote survival, adhesion and cytokine production in human mast cells","volume":"87","author":"Iikura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2004.01.005","article-title":"Betel quid without tobacco as a risk factor for oral precancers","volume":"40","author":"Jacob","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_102_21","article-title":"Leaving no stone unturned: role of profibrotic genes in oral submucous fibrosis - a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9357","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.16.9357","article-title":"Caspase-3 is required for DNA fragmentation and morphological changes associated with apoptosis","volume":"273","author":"Janicke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(99)00050-2","article-title":"Arecoline cytotoxicity on human oral mucosal fibroblasts related to cellular thiol and esterase activities","volume":"37","author":"Jeng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.6026\/973206300200754","article-title":"Prevalence of stress associated oral mucosal disorders among patients from southern Rajasthan, India","volume":"20","author":"Jivrajani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.10.004","article-title":"IgE-induced degranulation of mucosal mast cells is negatively regulated via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"377","author":"Kageyama-Yahara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022293","article-title":"TGF-beta1 signaling and tissue fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08774.x","article-title":"Reduced expression of nicotinic alpha subunits 3, 7, 9 and 10 in lesional and nonlesional atopic dermatitis skin but enhanced expression of alpha subunits 3 and 5 in mast cells","volume":"159","author":"Kindt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.883","article-title":"IL-33 regulates TNF-Alpha dependent effects in synovial fibroblasts","volume":"29","author":"Kunisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.4.14.2172061","article-title":"Cytotoxic mechanism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"4","author":"Larrick","year":"1990","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.6.809","article-title":"Interleukin-13 induces tissue fibrosis by selectively stimulating and activating transforming growth factor beta(1)","volume":"194","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15502","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410700111","article-title":"Central domain of IL-33 is cleaved by mast cell proteases for potent activation of group-2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"111","author":"Lefrancais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115884109","article-title":"IL-33 is processed into mature bioactive forms by neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G","volume":"109","author":"Lefrancais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib44","article-title":"IL-33-mediated IL-13 secretion by ST2+ tregs controls inflammation after lung injury","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003260","article-title":"IL-13 induces connective tissue growth factor in rat hepatic stellate cells via TGF-beta-independent smad signaling","volume":"187","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.05.007","article-title":"Suppression of interleukin-33 bioactivity through proteolysis by apoptotic caspases","volume":"31","author":"Luthi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01971484","article-title":"Muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in rat mast cells","volume":"13","author":"Masini","year":"1983","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.05.019","article-title":"Mast cell production and response to IL-4 and IL-13","volume":"75","author":"McLeod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.09.013","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-33 induces the release of pro-inflammatory mediators by mast cells","volume":"40","author":"Moulin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198407263110404","article-title":"Muscarinic cholinergic receptors on skin fibroblasts in familial affective disorder","volume":"311","author":"Nadi","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200501111","article-title":"FcepsilonRI-mediated mast cell degranulation requires calcium-independent microtubule-dependent translocation of granules to the plasma membrane","volume":"170","author":"Nishida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-257287","article-title":"Mast cell proteases: multifaceted regulators of inflammatory disease","volume":"115","author":"Pejler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400476","article-title":"Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00179-H","article-title":"Differential response to the cholinergic agonist arecoline among different cognitive modalities in alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Raffaele","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/2597","article-title":"Modified annexin V\/propidium iodide apoptosis assay for accurate assessment of cell death","author":"Rieger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2103","article-title":"Histological and molecular aspects of oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Rivera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.10.019","article-title":"IL-33 is expressed in epithelia from patients with cystic fibrosis and potentiates neutrophil recruitment","volume":"131","author":"Roussel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-020-01270-9","article-title":"The role of increased connective tissue growth factor in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis and its malignant Transformation-An immunohistochemical study","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122940","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: a review on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"20","author":"Shih","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.99081","article-title":"Toluidine blue: a review of its chemistry and clinical utility","volume":"16","author":"Sridharan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02004","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of IL-33-ST2-Mediated allergic inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Takatori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.63","article-title":"Interleukin-33 drives hepatic fibrosis through activation of hepatic stellate cells","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4002","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524845114","article-title":"SP and IL-33 together markedly enhance TNF synthesis and secretion from human mast cells mediated by the interaction of their receptors","volume":"114","author":"Taracanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.08.038","article-title":"IL-33 potentiates histaminergic itch","volume":"153","author":"Trier","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-011-0604-1","article-title":"Arecoline induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity to human endothelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Tseng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12186","article-title":"Arecoline is cytotoxic for human endothelial cells","volume":"43","author":"Ullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12276","article-title":"Arecoline increases basic fibroblast growth factor but reduces expression of IL-1, IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF in human umbilical vein endothelium","volume":"44","author":"Ullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12767","article-title":"Autophagy activation is required for myofibroblast differentiation during healing of oral mucosa","volume":"44","author":"Vescarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17761","article-title":"Interleukin-13 contributes to the occurrence of oral submucosal fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2024.05.006","article-title":"A scientometric study on research trends and characteristics of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib72","article-title":"Interleukin-33 amplifies human mast cell activities induced by complement anaphylatoxins","volume":"11","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S80576","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: an update","volume":"8","author":"Wollina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14235","article-title":"Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis among areca nut chewers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Yuwanati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1059","article-title":"TNF-alpha stimulates caspase-3 activation and apoptotic cell death in primary septo-hippocampal cultures","volume":"64","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3394","article-title":"Estrogen receptor alpha mediates the effects of notoginsenoside R1 on endotoxin-induced inflammatory and apoptotic responses in H9c2 cardiomyocytes","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691525005794?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691525005794?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T21:19:48Z","timestamp":1769807988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691525005794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0278691525005794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Arecoline stimulates the IL-33\/13 axis and upregulates pro-fibrotic CTGF: A possible role in oral submucous fibrosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115811","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115811"}}