{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:08:59Z","timestamp":1777867739748,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017252","name":"University of Zabol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRUOZ360 GR-0088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRUOZ360 GR-0088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T16:11:33Z","timestamp":1771690293000},"page":"116022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mercury exposure in breastfeeding mothers and associated health risks to infants: Evidence from breast milk and nail biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"212","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Dahmardeh Behrooz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3401-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aima Iram","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Khammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib1","series-title":"Trends and Innovations in Food Science","article-title":"Heavy metal residues in milk and milk products and their detection method","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2022"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85903","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28517-6","article-title":"Assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury levels in the breast milk in Pakistani women","volume":"30","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9687-7","article-title":"Mercury (Hg) exposure in breast-fed infants and their mothers and the evidence of oxidative stress","volume":"153","author":"Al-Saleh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib4","first-page":"95","article-title":"Assessment of levels of mercury in human breast milk in obuasi municipality, Ghana","volume":"7","author":"Asamoah-Antwi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci Res J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9283-7","article-title":"Mercury concentration in the breast milk of Iranian women","volume":"147","author":"Behrooz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib6","first-page":"16","article-title":"Lead, cadmium and arsenic in breast milk of lactating mothers in odumanse-atua community in manya krobo district of eastern region of Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Bentum","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharmaceut. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.11.059","article-title":"Analysis of the health risk of exposure to breast milk mercury in infants in Taiwan","volume":"64","author":"Chien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib43","article-title":"Mercury in saliva , milk , and hair of nursing mothers in southeastern Iranian mothers\u202f: levels , distribution and risk assessment","author":"Dahmardeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0946-672X(98)80017-5","article-title":"Mercury in human colostrum and early breast milk. Its dependence on dental amalgam and other factors","volume":"12","author":"Drasch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.13-0008-OA","article-title":"Occupational and environmental exposure to mercury among Iranian hairdressers","volume":"56","author":"Fakour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.05.029","article-title":"Mercury, lead and cadmium in human milk in relation to diet, lifestyle habits and sociodemographic variables in Madrid (Spain)","volume":"85","author":"Garc\u00eda-Esquinas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.03.025","article-title":"Toxicological importance of human biomonitoring of metallic and metalloid elements in different biological samples","volume":"80","author":"Gil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Heavy metals in breast milk: implications for toxicity","volume":"4","author":"Gundacker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02373.x","article-title":"Trace elements in nails as biomarkers in clinical research","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.12.035","article-title":"Use of human nails as bio-indicators of heavy metals environmental exposure among school age children in Kenya","volume":"393","author":"Hussein Were","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113344","article-title":"Associations of maternal food safety-related risk perceptions and protective behaviors with daily mercury intake and internal doses of Taiwanese women and their preschool children","volume":"212","author":"Kao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib17","first-page":"240","article-title":"Analysis of lead and cadmium in human milk in the greater Accra region of Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Koka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Der Chemica Sinica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.01.084","article-title":"Toxic and essential trace elements in human milk from Greek lactating women: association with dietary habits and other factors","volume":"61","author":"Leotsinidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib19","article-title":"Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-9294(13)60012-7","article-title":"Breast milk lead and cadmium levels in suburban areas of nanjing, China","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00395-4","article-title":"Contamination of breast milk with lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00395-4","article-title":"Contamination of breast milk with lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.03.011","article-title":"Environmental and toenail metals concentrations in copper mining and non mining communities in Zambia","volume":"217","author":"Ndilila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.2000.1921","article-title":"Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails of environmentally exposed people","volume":"46","author":"Nowak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079756","article-title":"Risk factors for mercury exposure of children in a rural mining town in northern Chile","volume":"8","author":"Ohlander","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib26","first-page":"2857","article-title":"Evaluation of mercury pollution in breast milk and Iranian infants' hair","volume":"4","author":"Okati","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib27","unstructured":"Organization WH. Minor and Trace Elements in Breast Milk: Report of a Joint WH. 1.939 Iran Environmental Protection Agency, ST-04\/00."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib28","series-title":"Minor and Trace Elements in Breast Milk: Report of a Joint WHO\/IAEA Collaborative Study","author":"Organization","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib29","series-title":"Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices Part 3: Country Profiles","author":"Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s40201-014-0147-x","article-title":"Human nail usage as a Bio-indicator in contamination monitoring of heavy metals in Dizajabaad, Zanjan province-Iran","volume":"12","author":"Parizanganeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s40201-014-0147-x","article-title":"Human nail usage as a Bio-indicator in contamination monitoring of heavy metals in dizajabaad, Zanjan province-Iran","volume":"12","author":"Parizanganeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106335","article-title":"Adult exposures to toxic trace elements as measured in nails along the interoceanic highway in the Peruvian amazon","volume":"19","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2015.11.003","article-title":"Mercury contamination in the blood, urine, hair and nails of the gold washers and its human health risk during extraction of placer gold along gilgit, hunza and indus Rivers in gilgit-baltistan, Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"Riaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2002.4338","article-title":"Metals and women's health","volume":"88","author":"Vahter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2012.12.011","article-title":"Total and methyl-mercury in hair and milk of mothers living in the city of Porto velho and in villages along the rio madeira, amazon, Brazil","volume":"216","author":"Vieira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib42","author":"WHO\/FAO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.59.8.400-409","article-title":"Environmental exposure and fingernail analysis of arsenic and mercury in children and adults in a Nicaraguan gold mining community","volume":"59","author":"Wickre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.59.8.400-409","article-title":"Environmental exposure and fingernail analysis of arsenic and Mercury in children and adults in a Nicaraguan gold mining community","volume":"59","author":"Wickre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of environmental health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(91)90145-5","article-title":"Monitoring of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc status in young children using toenails: Comparison with scalp hair","volume":"103","author":"Wilhelm","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9870-x","article-title":"Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in breast milk in Poland","volume":"157","author":"Winiarska-Mieczan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03426.x","article-title":"Growth rate of human fingernails and toenails in healthy American young adults","volume":"24","author":"Yaemsiri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691526000967?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691526000967?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:49:23Z","timestamp":1777546163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691526000967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0278691526000967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mercury exposure in breastfeeding mothers and associated health risks to infants: Evidence from breast milk and nail biomarkers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116022"}}