{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:08:55Z","timestamp":1777867735919,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003654","name":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002634","name":"Hoseo University - Asan Campus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002634","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1772093321000},"page":"116029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Automated quantification of ciliary beat frequency and area as functional endpoints in ALI-differentiated human airway epithelial models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"212","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7947-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Sung","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3783-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee Hoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7741-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"San Deul","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2122-8858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8406-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Seon","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi Im","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9364-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Min","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2024.02.016","article-title":"Comparing region of interest selection and whole-field analysis for measurement of ciliary beat frequency in high-speed video analysis","volume":"62","author":"Abo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respiratory Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152422","article-title":"Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with severe COPD into functional airway epithelium","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib3","article-title":"Collection, expansion, and differentiation of primary human nasal epithelial cell models for quantification of cilia beat frequency","volume":"177","author":"Allan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JoVE J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-05453-y","article-title":"An efficient technique for object recognition using Shi-Tomasi corner detection algorithm","volume":"25","author":"Bansal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/02611929221114383","article-title":"Ciliary beat frequency: proceedings and recommendations from a multi-laboratory ring trial using 3-D reconstituted human airway epithelium to model mucociliary clearance","volume":"50","author":"Behrsing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib6","article-title":"Generation of airway epithelial cell air\u2013liquid interface cultures from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"184","author":"Berical","year":"2022","journal-title":"JoVE J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0248-4900(92)90436-5","article-title":"Temperature effect on the ciliary beat frequency of human nasal and tracheal ciliated cells","volume":"76","author":"Clary-Meinesz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0417OC","article-title":"Ciliary beat frequency is maintained at a maximal rate in the small airways of mouse lung slices","volume":"35","author":"Delmotte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105808","article-title":"DeepCilia: automated, deep-learning based engine for precise ciliary beat frequency estimation","volume":"90","author":"Dimauro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1723","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403470111","article-title":"Generation of multiciliated cells in functional airway epithelia from human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"111","author":"Firth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230185","article-title":"Assessing motile cilia coverage and beat frequency in mammalian in vitro cell culture tissues","volume":"10","author":"Fradique","year":"2023","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib12","article-title":"ciliR: an R package for determining ciliary beat frequency using fast Fourier transformation","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1140\/epje\/s10189-021-00031-y","article-title":"CiliaQ: a simple, open-source software for automated quantification of ciliary morphology and fluorescence in 2D, 3D, and 4D images","volume":"44","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib14","first-page":"207","article-title":"Design and implementation of feature detector for object tracking","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. IKEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.907511","article-title":"Temporal whole-transcriptomic analysis of characterized in vitro and ex vivo primary nasal epithelia","volume":"10","author":"Legebeke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1063","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00190.2019","article-title":"Structural and functional variations in human bronchial epithelial cells cultured in air-liquid interface using different growth media","volume":"318","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2019.0188","article-title":"Investigation on ciliary functionality of different airway epithelial cell lines in three-dimensional cell culture","volume":"26","author":"Lodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib18","article-title":"Culturing of human nasal epithelial cells at the Air Liquid interface","volume":"50646","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib19","article-title":"Isolating bronchial epithelial cells from resected lung tissue for biobanking and establishing well-differentiated air\u2013liquid interface cultures","volume":"195","author":"Ninaber","year":"2023","journal-title":"JoVE J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib20","first-page":"6","article-title":"Optical flow measurement using Lucas\u2013Kanade method","volume":"61","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib21","first-page":"71","article-title":"Ciliary movement in nasal epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Rhee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Rhinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib22","first-page":"71","article-title":"Ciliary movement in nasal epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Rhee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Rhinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57667-z","article-title":"Structure and function relationships of mucociliary clearance in human and rat airways","volume":"16","author":"Roth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57667-z","article-title":"Structure and function relationships of mucociliary clearance in human and rat airways","volume":"16","author":"Roth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00792-2020","article-title":"CiliarMove: new software for evaluating ciliary beat frequency helps find novel mutations by a Portuguese multidisciplinary team on primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"7","author":"Sampaio","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib26","article-title":"Quantifying cilia beat frequency using high\u2010speed video microscopy: assessing frame rate requirements when imaging different ciliated tissues","volume":"10","author":"Scopulovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-2530-1-14","article-title":"ciliaFA: a research tool for automated, high-throughput measurement of ciliary beat frequency using freely available software","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cilia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2025.103674","article-title":"Protocol for characterizing airway epithelial ciliary beating and mucociliary transport using image processing and particle imaging velocimetry","volume":"6","author":"Vo","year":"2025","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.930649","article-title":"Mean squared error: love it or leave it? A new look at signal fidelity measures","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122115","article-title":"Biological models of the lower human airways\u2014challenges and special requirements of human 3D barrier models for biomedical research","volume":"13","author":"Wiese-Rischke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxac074","article-title":"iPSC-Derived airway epithelial cells: progress, promise, and challenges","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell."}],"container-title":["Food and Chemical Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691526001031?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0278691526001031?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:49:11Z","timestamp":1777546151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0278691526001031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0278691526001031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-6915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-6915","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Automated quantification of ciliary beat frequency and area as functional endpoints in ALI-differentiated human airway epithelial models","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2026.116029","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116029"}}