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Based on different pharmacological profiles and binding properties, scorpion sodium channel toxins are divided into \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010groups. However, their evolutionary relationship is not yet established. Here, we report a gene isolated from the venom gland of scorpion <jats:italic>Mesobuthus martensii<\/jats:italic> which encodes a novel sodium channel toxin\u2010like peptide of 64 amino acids, named Mesotoxin. The Mesotoxin gene is organized into three exons and two introns with the second intron location conserved across the family. This peptide is unusual in that it has only three disulfides and a long cysteine\u2010free tail with loop size and structural characteristics close to \u03b2\u2010toxins. Evolutionary analysis favors its basal position in the origin of scorpion sodium channel toxins as a progenitor. The discovery of Mesotoxin will assist investigations into the key issue regarding the origin and evolution of scorpion toxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.09.071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,19]],"date-time":"2006-10-19T13:22:58Z","timestamp":1161264178000},"page":"5979-5987","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Molecular characterization of a possible progenitor sodium channel toxin from the Old World scorpion <i>Mesobuthus martensii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"580","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"The Biology of Scorpions","author":"Polis G.A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01167-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(99)01398-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0571hyp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81133-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01174-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-003-2534-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Perspectives in Molecular Toxinology","author":"Gordon D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0014-2956.2001.02479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2002.03171.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20041407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(03)00236-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2004.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5200-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-1044fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2583"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.39202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(97)77022-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340170404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Swiss-Pdb Viewer: a fast and easy-to-use PDB viewer for Macintosh and PC","volume":"77","author":"Guex N.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prot. 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