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We analyzed the speed\u2010of\u2010kill and safety of <jats:italic>Autographa californica<\/jats:italic> multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus expressing the insecticidal scorpion neurotoxin AaIT and found that the mortality of <jats:italic>Helicoverpa armigera<\/jats:italic> larvae was enhanced significantly when the expression was controlled by the baculovirus delayed\u2010early promoter <jats:italic>39K<\/jats:italic> rather than the very late promoter <jats:italic>p10<\/jats:italic>. This improvement was also reflected in better protection of cotton leaves on which these insects were fed. Using <jats:italic>lacZ<\/jats:italic> as a sensitive reporter we also found that expression driven by the <jats:italic>39K<\/jats:italic> promoter was detected in insect but not in mammalian cells. These results imply that by selection of an appropriate viral promoter, engineered baculoviruses may comply with the high standard biosafety requirements from a genetically modified organism (GMO). Our results provide further support for the potential use of engineered baculoviruses in insect pest control in a safely manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.11.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]],"date-time":"2006-11-28T15:30:24Z","timestamp":1164727824000},"page":"6777-6782","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["New measures of insecticidal efficacy and safety obtained with the <i>39K<\/i> promoter of a recombinant baculovirus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"580","author":[{"given":"Avital","family":"Regev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadassah","family":"Rivkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gurevitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nor","family":"Chejanovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2005.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"D.R. 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