{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:06:45Z","timestamp":1788343605777,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6477,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fertstert.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,16]],"date-time":"2004-09-16T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1095329439000},"page":"718-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Microsurgical treatment of persistent or recurrent varicocele"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Ethan D.","family":"Grober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter T.K.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand","family":"Zini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)38400-X","article-title":"Etiologic factors in 1,294 consecutive cases of male infertility","volume":"22","author":"Dubin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80385-9","article-title":"Incidence of varicoceles in men with primary and secondary infertility","volume":"47","author":"Jarow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55809-9","article-title":"Loss of fertility in men with varicocele","volume":"59","author":"Gorelick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(93)90268-F","article-title":"Varicocele","volume":"42","author":"Witt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54796-7","article-title":"Deterioration of semen parameters over time in men with untreated varicocele","volume":"57","author":"Chehval","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00191-X","article-title":"Reduction in testicular temperature after varicocelectomy in infertile men","volume":"50","author":"Wright","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.05122.x","article-title":"Varicocele testis and testicular temperature","volume":"78","author":"Lund","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57306-3","article-title":"Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men","volume":"63","author":"Magdar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37035-0","article-title":"Microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with delivery of the testis","volume":"148","author":"Goldstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)40988-X","article-title":"Varicocelectomy as therapy in male infertility","volume":"26","author":"Dubin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66776-4","article-title":"The effect of varicocelectomy on serum testosterone levels in infertile men with varicoceles","volume":"154","author":"Su","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1956.tb04793.x","article-title":"The influence of varicocele on human spermatogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Young","year":"1956","journal-title":"Brit J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)44990-1","article-title":"Predictive parameters of successful varicocele repair","volume":"136","author":"Marks","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1980.tb00133.x","article-title":"Varicocelectomy and male fertility","volume":"3","author":"Homonnai","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)45500-7","article-title":"The recurrent varicocele","volume":"35","author":"Rothman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.147.2.6836122","article-title":"Mechanisms of recurrent varicocele after balloon occlusion or surgical ligation of the internal spermatic vein","volume":"147","author":"Kaufman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)32521-1","article-title":"Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy","volume":"152","author":"Marmar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib18","first-page":"470","article-title":"Venography of postoperative recurrence of symptomatic varicocele in males","volume":"95","author":"Belli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48500-6","article-title":"Comparison among different methods for the diagnosis of varicocele","volume":"43","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib20","series-title":"Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1979.tb03609.x","article-title":"Improvement of semen and pregnancy rate after ligation and division of internal spermatic vein","volume":"51","author":"Nilsson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.8.2147","article-title":"Update on treatment of varicocele","volume":"13","author":"Nieschlag","year":"1998","journal-title":"Human Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58387-1","article-title":"Progressive testicular atrophy in the varicocele patient","volume":"117","author":"Lipshultz","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1981.tb00597.x","article-title":"Varicocele","volume":"2","author":"Saypol","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68337-1","article-title":"The adolescent varicocele I","volume":"162","author":"Gershbein","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00535-5","article-title":"Effect of adult microsurgical varicocelectomy on testicular volume","volume":"56","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"}],"container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028204009057?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028204009057?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:25:23Z","timestamp":1777296323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0015028204009057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0015028204009057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-0282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-0282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microsurgical treatment of persistent or recurrent varicocele","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fertility and Sterility","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.03.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}