{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:11:29Z","timestamp":1782515489884,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2064,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01NR004061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01NR004061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG012505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG012505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG012553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG012553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG012535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG012535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG012531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG012531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG012539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG012539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG012554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG012554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG012495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG012495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG012546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG012546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000124","name":"Office of Research on Women's Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7R21AG040568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7R21AG040568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fertstert.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T12:28:59Z","timestamp":1468931339000},"page":"1157-1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of late-diagnosis incident fibroids in the Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jason Y.Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Yin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen B.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley O.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.026","article-title":"The 2006 Report of the Surgeon General: the health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke","volume":"32","author":"Moritsugu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28695","article-title":"The 2014 Surgeon General's report: \u201cThe health consequences of smoking\u201450 years of progress\u201d: a paradigm shift in cancer care","volume":"120","author":"Warren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib3","first-page":"84","article-title":"Effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on reproductive health","volume":"28","author":"Lindbohm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2012.09.006","article-title":"Association of intrauterine and early life factors with uterine leiomyomata in black women","volume":"22","author":"Wise","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib5","unstructured":"Smoking and Tobacco Control Program (STCP), National Cancer Institute. Monograph 10: Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Bethesda, MD: NCI. Available at: http:\/\/cancercontrol.cancer.gov\/brp\/tcrb\/monographs\/10\/. Accessed June 1, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5787","article-title":"Etiology and pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas: a review","volume":"111","author":"Flake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.04.065","article-title":"Reproductive characteristics and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"94","author":"Terry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567eed","article-title":"Anthropometric characteristics and risk of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"18","author":"Terry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000164","article-title":"Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: from menarche to menopause","volume":"59","author":"Wise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2006.01.013","article-title":"Risk factors for clinically diagnosed uterine fibroids in women around menopause","volume":"55","author":"Parazzini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000082297.18134.51","article-title":"Postmenopausal estrogen and progestogen therapy and the risk of uterine leiomyomas","volume":"11","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0016-7","article-title":"Effects of obesity and hormone therapy on surgically-confirmed fibroids in postmenopausal women","volume":"30","author":"Sommer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198812000-00008","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics of women with uterine fibroids: a case-control study","volume":"72","author":"Parazzini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6543.359","article-title":"Risk factors for uterine fibroids: reduced risk associated with oral contraceptives","volume":"293","author":"Ross","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.08.074","article-title":"Risk factors for surgically removed fibroids in a large cohort of teachers","volume":"92","author":"Templeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110376979","article-title":"Potential risk factors associated with subtypes of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"17","author":"Dragomir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.5.463","article-title":"Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial\/ethnic population of women 40\u201355 years of age","volume":"152","author":"Gold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115391","article-title":"Development of epidemiologic tools for measuring environmental tobacco-smoke exposure","volume":"130","author":"Coghlin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.2.370","article-title":"Selected food intake and risk of multiple pregnancies","volume":"16","author":"Parazzini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6079","article-title":"A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum","volume":"84","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.1184","article-title":"Comparison of SWAN and WISE menopausal status classification algorithms","volume":"15","author":"Johnston","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib22","first-page":"155","article-title":"It's about time\u2014using discrete-time survival analysis to study duration and the timing of events","volume":"18","author":"Singer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Educ Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib23","first-page":"301","article-title":"Active, but not passive cigarette smoking was inversely associated with mammographic density","volume":"21","author":"Butler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.029496","article-title":"Estimating causal effects from epidemiological data","volume":"60","author":"Hernan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198510173131602","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, serum estrogens, and bone loss during hormone-replacement therapy early after menopause","volume":"313","author":"Jensen","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(98)00208-8","article-title":"A prospective study of reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use in relation to the risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"70","author":"Marshall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199809000-00007","article-title":"Risk of uterine leiomyomata among premenopausal women in relation to body size and cigarette smoking","volume":"9","author":"Marshall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh016","article-title":"Reproductive factors, hormonal contraception, and risk of uterine leiomyomata in African-American women: a prospective study","volume":"159","author":"Wise","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.3008","article-title":"Self-report versus ultrasound measurement of uterine fibroid status","volume":"21","author":"Myers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S46712","article-title":"Correlates of menstrual cycle characteristics among nulliparous Danish women","volume":"5","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199803000-00016","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and disturbance of menstrual function","volume":"9","author":"Hornsby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028216613808?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028216613808?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T11:34:25Z","timestamp":1768649665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0015028216613808"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0015028216613808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-0282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-0282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of late-diagnosis incident fibroids in the Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fertility and Sterility","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a92016 American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}