{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:08:21Z","timestamp":1789538901859,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2033,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fertstert.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,24]],"date-time":"2016-09-24T21:36:28Z","timestamp":1474752988000},"page":"1289-1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Hormonal contraception and thrombosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Regine","family":"Sitruk-Ware","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Use of family planning and related medical services among women aged 15\u201344 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2006\u20132010","volume":"1\u201316","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02450.x","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Naess","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d6423","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d6423","article-title":"Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001\u20139","volume":"343","author":"Lidegaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib4","first-page":"191","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Manzoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2012.11.003","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptives and arterial disease: an epidemiological update","volume":"27","author":"Plu-Bureau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f5298","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5298","article-title":"Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"347","author":"Stegeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182994c43","article-title":"Risk of acute thromboembolic events with oral contraceptive use: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Peragallo Urrutia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-015-1311-6","article-title":"The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism","volume":"41","author":"Heit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i2002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2002","article-title":"Low dose oestrogen combined oral contraception and risk of pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction in five million French women: cohort study","volume":"353","author":"Weill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2921","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2921","article-title":"The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study","volume":"339","author":"van Hylckama Vlieg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h2135","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2135","article-title":"Use of combined oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases","volume":"350","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2014.01.023","article-title":"Cardiovascular and general safety of a 24-day regimen of drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptives: final results from the International Active Surveillance Study of Women Taking Oral Contraceptives","volume":"89","author":"Dinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.01.012","article-title":"Cardiovascular risks associated with the use of drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptives","volume":"93","author":"Dinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.12.019","article-title":"The safety of a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance Study on oral contraceptives based on 142,475 women-years of observation","volume":"75","author":"Dinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/jfprhc-2011-100260","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptives, venous thromboembolism, and the problem of interpreting large but incomplete datasets","volume":"38","author":"Dinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d2151","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2151","article-title":"Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel: case-control study using United States claims data","volume":"342","author":"Jick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2990","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e2990","article-title":"Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: follow-up study, Denmark 2001\u201310","volume":"344","author":"Lidegaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib18","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs)\u00a0and the risk of cardiovascular disease endpoints (CHC-CVD final report 111022v2). Available at: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/DrugSafety\/UCM277384.pdf. Last accessed September 21, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182a5ec6b","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of an etonogestrel-containing vaginal ring","volume":"122","author":"Dinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2007.06780.x","article-title":"Risk of venous thrombosis: obesity and its joint effect with oral contraceptive use and prothrombotic mutations","volume":"139","author":"Pomp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-07-518159","article-title":"The risk of venous thrombosis in individuals with a history of superficial vein thrombosis and acquired venous thrombotic risk factors","volume":"122","author":"Roach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181f98300","article-title":"Epidemiologic research using administrative databases: garbage in, garbage out","volume":"116","author":"Grimes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657546","article-title":"Effect of oral contraceptives on haemostasis variables","volume":"78","author":"Kluft","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613958","article-title":"Effects on coagulation of levonorgestrel- and desogestrel-containing low dose oral contraceptives: a cross-over study","volume":"84","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh612","article-title":"Association between sex hormone-binding globulin levels and activated protein C resistance in explaining the risk of thrombosis in users of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens","volume":"20","author":"van Vliet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1285","article-title":"Effect of second- and third-generation oral contraceptives on the protein C system in the absence or presence of the factor VLeiden mutation: a randomized trial","volume":"103","author":"Kemmeren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00894.x","article-title":"Impact of progestagens on activated protein C (APC) resistance among users of oral contraceptives","volume":"2","author":"Alhenc-Gelas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib28","first-page":"482","article-title":"Can changes in sex hormone binding globulin predict the risk of venous thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptive pills?","volume":"81","author":"Odlind","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12080","article-title":"Sex hormone\u2013binding globulin as a marker for the thrombotic risk of hormonal contraceptives: reply to a rebuttal","volume":"11","author":"Raps","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04878.x","article-title":"Sex hormone\u2013binding globulin levels are not causally related to venous thrombosis risk in women not using hormonal contraceptives","volume":"10","author":"Stegeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000157445.67309.19","article-title":"Surrogate end points in clinical research: hazardous to your health","volume":"105","author":"Grimes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2014.02.002","article-title":"Oral hormonal contraception and venous thromboembolism (VTE)","volume":"89","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.03.018","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism discharge diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Registry should be used with caution","volume":"63","author":"Severinsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R221","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0527","article-title":"Epidemiology of hormonal contraceptives-related venous thromboembolism","volume":"171","author":"Hugon-Rodin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0026","article-title":"Effects of oral and transvaginal ethinyl estradiol on hemostatic factors and hepatic proteins in a randomized, crossover study","volume":"92","author":"Sitruk-Ware","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90664-7","article-title":"Comparison of hepatic impact of oral and vaginal administration of ethinyl estradiol","volume":"151","author":"Goebelsmann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2165\/11591200-000000000-00000","article-title":"Hemostatic effects of a novel estradiol-based oral contraceptive: an open-label, randomized, crossover study of estradiol valerate\/dienogest versus ethinylestradiol\/levonorgestrel","volume":"11","author":"Klipping","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180902850039","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing oestradiol valerate and dienogest","volume":"14","author":"Zeun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1517\/14656561003724713","article-title":"Evaluation of a new estradiol oral contraceptive: estradiol valerate and dienogest","volume":"11","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Opin Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2165\/11590220-000000000-00000","article-title":"Metabolic and haemostatic effects of estradiol valerate\/dienogest, a novel oral contraceptive: a randomized, open-label, single-centre study","volume":"31","author":"Junge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Drug Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2011.02.002","article-title":"Nomegestrol acetate, a novel progestogen for oral contraception","volume":"76","author":"Mueck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.2011.604450","article-title":"Effects of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17\u03b2-oestradiol compared with one containing levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on haemostasis, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"16","author":"\u00c5gren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.04.015","article-title":"Bleeding pattern and cycle control with estetrol-containing combined oral contraceptives: results from a phase II, randomised, dose-finding study (FIESTA)","author":"Apter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.06.010","article-title":"Impact of estrogen type on cardiovascular safety of combined oral contraceptives","author":"Dinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1008","article-title":"Progestogens used in postmenopausal hormone therapy: differences in their pharmacological properties, intracellular actions, and clinical effects","volume":"34","author":"Stanczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.011","article-title":"Pharmacological profile of progestins","volume":"61","author":"Sitruk-Ware","year":"2008","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.04.004","article-title":"The use of newer progestins for contraception","volume":"82","author":"Sitruk-Ware","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00115-X","article-title":"Progesterone receptors in reproduction: functional impact of the A and B isoforms","volume":"65","author":"Conneely","year":"2000","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2007.10.003","article-title":"Dienogest is a selective progesterone receptor agonist in transactivation analysis with potent oral endometrial activity due to its efficient pharmacokinetic profile","volume":"73","author":"Sasagawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14066-4","article-title":"Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk","volume":"362","author":"Scarabin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028216627474?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028216627474?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:53:44Z","timestamp":1768910024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0015028216627474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0015028216627474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-0282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-0282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hormonal contraception and thrombosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fertility and Sterility","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.039","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a92016 American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}