{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:11:52Z","timestamp":1790349112800,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fertstert.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T03:31:48Z","timestamp":1617334308000},"page":"404-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Medroxyprogesterone acetate is a useful alternative to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in oocyte donation: a randomized, controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Giles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Alama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Gamiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Badia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pellicer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49160-0","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro fertilization management and results in stimulated cycles with spontaneous luteinizing hormone discharge","volume":"45","author":"Eibschitz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106854","article-title":"Comparisons of GnRH antagonist versus GnRH agonist protocol in supposed normal ovarian responders undergoing IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4274\/jtgga.2016.0107","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical aspects of ovulation induction agents: a review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Kahyaoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.1.119","article-title":"Progesterone blocks the estradiol-stimulated luteinizing hormone surge by disrupting activation in response to a stimulatory estradiol signal in the ewe","volume":"67","author":"Richter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-2-378","article-title":"Progesterone modulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in normal women","volume":"58","author":"Soules","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00187-2","article-title":"Neuroendocrine effects of progesterone","volume":"65","author":"Chabbert-Buffeta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib7","first-page":"211","article-title":"New stimulation regimens: endogenous and exogenous progesterone use to block the LH surge during ovarian stimulation for IVF","volume":"23","author":"Massin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2014.08.009","article-title":"Double stimulations during the follicular and luteal phases of poor responders in IVF\/ICSI programmes (Shanghai protocol)","volume":"29","author":"Kuang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.03.002","article-title":"Follicular versus luteal phase ovarian stimulation during the same menstrual cycle (DuoStim) in a reduced ovarian reserve population results in a similar euploid blastocyst formation rate: new insight in ovarian reserve exploitation","volume":"105","author":"Ubaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.03.022","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate is an effective oral alternative for preventing premature luteinizing hormone surges in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in\u00a0vitro fertilization","volume":"104","author":"Kuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2939","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002939","article-title":"Controlled ovarian stimulation using medroxyprogesterone acetate and hMG in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome treated for IVF: a double-blind randomized crossover clinical trial","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e909","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000909","article-title":"Utrogestan as an effective oral alternative for preventing premature luteinizing hormone surges in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in\u00a0vitro fertilization","volume":"94","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex367","article-title":"New application of dydrogesterone as a part of a progestin-primed ovarian stimulation protocol for IVF: a randomized controlled trial including 516 first IVF\/ICSI cycles","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa040","article-title":"Progestins for pituitary suppression during ovarian stimulation for ART: a comprehensive and systematic review including meta-analyses","volume":"27","author":"Ata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.10.030","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4193","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004193","article-title":"The utrogestan and hMG protocol in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation during IVF\/ICSI treatments","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12151-7","article-title":"Use of medroxyprogesterone acetate in women with ovarian endometriosis undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in\u00a0vitro fertilization","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-017-0291-0","article-title":"Controlled ovulation of the dominant follicle using progestin in minimal stimulation in poor responders","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez034","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate versus ganirelix in oocyte donation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Begueria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.12.044","article-title":"Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of ovulation suppression with progestins compared with GnRH analogs in assisted reproduction cycles","volume":"38","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348409154654","article-title":"The plasma concentration of medroxyprogesterone acetate and ovarian function during treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate in 5 and 10 mg doses","volume":"63","author":"Wikstrom","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14622","article-title":"The pregnancy outcome of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation using 4 versus 10 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate per day in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilisation: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.08.127","article-title":"Circulating basal anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone levels as predictor of ovarian response in women undergoing ovarian stimulation for in\u00a0vitro fertilization","volume":"92","author":"Nardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmt037","article-title":"Individualization of controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF using ovarian reserve markers: from theory to practice","volume":"20","author":"La Marca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2252","article-title":"Age and uterine receptiveness: predicting the outcome of oocyte donation cycles","volume":"90","author":"Soares","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.06.026","article-title":"GnRH antagonist for endometrial priming in an oocyte donation programme: a prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Vidal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1107","article-title":"Outcomes of vitrified early cleavage-stage and blastocyst-stage embryos in a cryopreservation program: evaluation of 3,150 warming cycles","volume":"98","author":"Cobo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib28","first-page":"11","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate use to block LH surge in oocyte donor stimulation","volume":"83","author":"Crha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceska Gynekol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2019.1604662","article-title":"Ovarian response in oocyte donation cycles under LH suppression with GnRH antagonist or desogestrel progestin: retrospective and comparative study","volume":"35","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.06.009","article-title":"Comparison of a novel flexible progestin primed ovarian stimulation protocol and the flexible gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol for assisted reproductive technology","volume":"112","author":"Yildiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00971-2","article-title":"Progesterone blockade of a luteinizing hormone surge blocks luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone Fos activation and activation of its preoptic area afferents","volume":"778","author":"Le","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.12.8557","article-title":"Role of endogenous opioid peptides in mediating progesterone-induced disruption of the activation and transmission stages of the GnRH surge induction process","volume":"142","author":"Richter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.2.6490","article-title":"Progesterone can block transmission of the estradiol-induced signal for luteinizing hormone surge generation during a specific period of time immediately after activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone surge-generating system","volume":"140","author":"Harris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1122","article-title":"Progesterone directly and rapidly inhibits GnRH neuronal activity via progesterone receptor membrane component 1","volume":"153","author":"Bashour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00164","article-title":"Novel progesterone receptors: neural localization and possible functions","volume":"7","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey217","article-title":"Luteal phase anovulatory follicles result in the production of competent oocytes: intra-patient paired case-control study comparing follicular versus luteal phase stimulations in the same ovarian cycle","volume":"33","author":"Cimadomo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.03.212","article-title":"Use of progestins to inhibit spontaneous ovulation during ovarian stimulation: the beginning of a new era?","volume":"39","author":"La Marca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1258-6","article-title":"Ovarian manipulation in ART: going beyond physiological standards to provide best clinical outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Ortega","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa068","article-title":"Comparison of euploidy rates of blastocysts in women treated with progestins or GnRH antagonist to prevent the luteinizing hormone surge during ovarian stimulation","volume":"35","author":"La Marca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib40","article-title":"Comparison of neonatal outcomes and live-birth defects after progestin-primed ovarian stimulation versus conventional ovarian stimulation for in\u00a0vitro fertilization: a large retrospective cohort study","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of neonatal outcomes following progesterone use during ovarian stimulation with frozen-thawed embryo transfer","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01755-0","article-title":"Impact of progestin ovarian stimulation on newborn outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zolfaroli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.002","article-title":"Novel signaling mechanisms in the ovary during oocyte maturation and ovulation","volume":"356","author":"Conti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.05.002","article-title":"Elevated early follicular progesterone levels and in\u00a0vitro fertilization outcomes: a prospective intervention study and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Hamdine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.5.1003","article-title":"Increased risk of early pregnancy loss by profound suppression of luteinizing hormone during ovarian stimulation in normogonadotrophic women undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"15","author":"Westergaard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml001","article-title":"GnRH antagonists in ovarian stimulation for IVF","volume":"12","author":"Tarlatzis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del340","article-title":"Effects of oral contraceptive, synthetic progestogen or natural estrogen pre-treatments on the hormonal profile and the antral follicle cohort before GnRH antagonist protocol","volume":"22","author":"Cedrin-Durnerin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1354","article-title":"Oral contraceptive pill pretreatment in ovarian stimulation with GnRH antagonists for IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Griesinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-017-0891-9","article-title":"Effect of GnRHa ovulation trigger dose on follicular fluid characteristics and granulosa cell gene expression profiles","volume":"34","author":"Vuong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"}],"container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028221001606?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028221001606?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T06:15:37Z","timestamp":1762150537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0015028221001606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0015028221001606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-0282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-0282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate is a useful alternative to a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in oocyte donation: a randomized, controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fertility and Sterility","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.036","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92021 American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}