{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:12:29Z","timestamp":1791339149113,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MD011570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MD011570"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fertstert.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:04:01Z","timestamp":1674180241000},"page":"355-363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Racial disparities in uterine fibroids and endometriosis: a systematic review and application of social, structural, and political context"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Jodie G.","family":"Katon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torie C.","family":"Plowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica E.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8882","article-title":"Social and structural determinants of health inequities in maternal health","volume":"30","author":"Crear-Perry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib2","series-title":"Challenging Inequities in Health","first-page":"37","article-title":"The social basis of disparitie sin health","author":"Diderichsen","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib3","series-title":"Tackling Health Inequities Through Public Health Practice: Theory to Action","author":"Hofrichter","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305979","article-title":"Integrating intersectionality into the exposome paradigm: a novel approach to racial inequities in uterine fibroids","volume":"111","author":"Zota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl, 2","key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S203","article-title":"What are health disparities and health equity? We need to be clear","volume":"129","author":"Braveman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.024562","article-title":"Embodiment: a conceptual glossary for epidemiology","volume":"59","author":"Krieger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90202-X","article-title":"Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider?","volume":"39","author":"Krieger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000510696","article-title":"Allostatic Load and its impact on health: a systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Guidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004","article-title":"Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease","volume":"153","author":"McEwen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib11","first-page":"207","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","article-title":"\"Weathering\" and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Geronimus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303313","article-title":"Black Lives Matter: claiming a space for evidence-based outrage in obstetrics and gynecology","volume":"106","author":"Eichelberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib14","unstructured":"Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC,\u00a02003."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2017.0045","article-title":"Racism, African American Women, and their sexual and reproductive health: a review of historical and contemporary evidence and implications for health equity","volume":"2","author":"Prather","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.99","article-title":"High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence","volume":"188","author":"Baird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13102","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of uterine fibroids","volume":"149","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.43","article-title":"Uterine fibroids","volume":"2","author":"Stewart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00656-6","article-title":"Uterine Fibroids and pregnancy: how do they affect each other?","volume":"29","author":"Coutinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318183fbab","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin. Alternatives to hysterectomy in the management of leiomyomas","volume":"112","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002112","article-title":"Choosing the route of hysterectomy for benign disease","volume":"129","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib22","series-title":"Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease","first-page":"CD003677","author":"Nieboer","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.12.002","article-title":"The estimated annual cost of uterine leiomyomata in the United States","volume":"206","author":"Cardozo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.08.008","article-title":"The health disparities of uterine fibroid tumors for African American women: a public health issue","volume":"210","author":"Eltoukhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.02.039","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in benign gynecologic conditions and associated surgeries","volume":"202","author":"Jacoby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2016.11.007","article-title":"Disparities in fibroid incidence, prognosis, and management","volume":"44","author":"Laughlin-Tommaso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7076","article-title":"Burden, Prevalence, and treatment of uterine fibroids: a survey of U.S. women","volume":"27","author":"Marsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.02.017","article-title":"Racial differences in fibroid prevalence and ultrasound findings in asymptomatic young women (18-30 years old): a pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Marsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.09.039","article-title":"A US population-based study of uterine fibroid diagnosis incidence, trends, and prevalence: 2005 through 2014","volume":"219","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1348896","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"31","author":"Catherino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei309","article-title":"Ethnic differences in expression of the dysregulated proteins in uterine leiomyomata","volume":"21","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-5-34","article-title":"Genomic and proteomic profiling I: leiomyomas in African Americans and Caucasians","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-12-0007","article-title":"miR-200c is aberrantly expressed in leiomyomas in an ethnic-dependent manner and targets ZEBs, VEGFA, TIMP2, and FBLN5","volume":"19","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20415","article-title":"A micro-RNA signature associated with race, tumor size, and target gene activity in human uterine leiomyomas","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039","article-title":"Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color","volume":"43","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stanford Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib36","series-title":"Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory","author":"Essed","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12111-012-9219-0","article-title":"Coping with Gendered racial microaggressions among black women college students","volume":"17","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J African American Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.07.010","article-title":"Food insecurity and adult overweight\/obesity: gender and race\/ethnic disparities","volume":"117","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(93)90087-K","article-title":"Physical activity in young black and white women. The CARDIA Study","volume":"3","author":"Bild","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2016.02.150251","article-title":"Probability of vitamin D deficiency by body weight and race\/ethnicity","volume":"29","author":"Weishaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-011-9482-5","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in hormonally-active hair product use: a plausible risk factor for health disparities","volume":"14","author":"James-Todd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031257","article-title":"Uncovering evidence: associations between environmental contaminants and disparities in women's health","volume":"19","author":"Rumph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-018-9254-0","article-title":"Residential Segregation and racial\/ethnic disparities in ambient air pollution","volume":"11","author":"Woo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Race Soc Probl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2895","article-title":"The association between chronic psychological stress and uterine fibroids risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1360","article-title":"Self-Reported Daily Stress, Squelching of anger and the management of daily stress and the prevalence of uterine leiomyomata: the ultrasound screening study","volume":"27","author":"Vines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567e92","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"18","author":"Wise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.12.034","article-title":"Lifetime abuse victimization and risk of uterine leiomyomata in black women","volume":"208","author":"Wise","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.04.028","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life among women undergoing hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma","volume":"227","author":"Zota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ffb172","article-title":"Abuse in childhood and risk of uterine leiomyoma: the role of emotional support in biologic resilience","volume":"22","author":"Boynton-Jarrett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105066","article-title":"Disparities in adverse childhood experiences by race\/ethnicity, gender, and economic status: Intersectional analysis of a nationally representative sample","volume":"117","author":"Mersky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib51","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences and associations with adolescent mental health","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000405","article-title":"Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences","volume":"90","author":"Maguire-Jack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsych"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073635","article-title":"Prospective study of dietary fat and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"99","author":"Wise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.016600","article-title":"Intake of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids in relation to risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"94","author":"Wise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh309","article-title":"Risk of uterine leiomyomata in relation to tobacco, alcohol and caffeine consumption in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"19","author":"Wise","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1607240","article-title":"Uterine Fibroids: bridging genomic defects and chronic inflammation","volume":"35","author":"El Andaloussi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab054","article-title":"Role of inflammation in benign gynecologic disorders: from pathogenesis to novel therapiesdagger","volume":"105","author":"AlAshqar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj363","article-title":"Association of physical activity with development of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"165","author":"Baird","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa097","article-title":"Dietary Fat intake and risk of uterine leiomyomata: a prospective ultrasound study","volume":"189","author":"Brasky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib60","first-page":"395","article-title":"Diet and uterine myomas","volume":"94","author":"Chiaffarino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib61","first-page":"424","article-title":"Epidemiology of Uterine myomas: a review","volume":"9","author":"Sparic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2015.02.003","article-title":"The racial disparities in STI in the U.S.: Concurrency, STI prevalence, and heterogeneity in partner selection","volume":"11","author":"Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001463","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and prospective ultrasound measures of uterine fibroid incidence and growth","volume":"33","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab160","article-title":"Herpes Simplex virus type 2 seroprevalence and incidence and growth of ultrasound-diagnosed uterine fibroids in a large population of young African-American women","volume":"190","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx231","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis seroprevalence and ultrasound-diagnosed uterine fibroids in a large population of young African-American women","volume":"187","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr351","article-title":"Hair relaxer use and risk of uterine leiomyomata in African-American women","volume":"175","author":"Wise","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0186-6","article-title":"Chemical\/straightening and other hair product usage during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood among African-American women: potential implications for health","volume":"30","author":"Gaston","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.07.020","article-title":"The environmental injustice of beauty: framing chemical exposures from beauty products as a health disparities concern","volume":"217","author":"Zota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib69","author":"Bryant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.05.054","article-title":"Hair care practices and their association with scalp and hair disorders in African American girls","volume":"66","author":"Strachan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2005.01.002","article-title":"Prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is associated with uterine leiomyoma development","volume":"20","author":"Baird","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt250","article-title":"Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and risk of uterine leiomyomata in the Nurses' Health Study II","volume":"179","author":"Mahalingaiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.09.009","article-title":"Phthalates exposure and uterine fibroid burden among women undergoing surgical treatment for fibroids: a preliminary study","volume":"111","author":"Zota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP8584","article-title":"Disparities in air pollution exposure in the United States by Race\/ethnicity and income, 1990-2010","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030908","article-title":"Understanding racial disparities in exposure to traffic-related air pollution: considering the spatiotemporal dynamics of population distribution","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.02.004","article-title":"The effects of exposure to air pollution on the development of uterine fibroids","volume":"222","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000126","article-title":"Air pollution and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"25","author":"Mahalingaiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S460","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.149005","article-title":"Childhood abuse and early menarche: findings from the black women's health study","volume":"99","author":"Wise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib79","first-page":"713","article-title":"Socioeconomic status in relation to early menarche among black and white girls","volume":"20","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31828062b7","article-title":"Prenatal and infant exposures and age at menarche","volume":"24","author":"D'Aloisio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.110","article-title":"Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls","volume":"111","author":"Chumlea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws585","article-title":"Association of age at menarche with increasing number of fibroids in a cohort of women who underwent standardized ultrasound assessment","volume":"178","author":"Velez Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh016","article-title":"Reproductive factors, hormonal contraception, and risk of uterine leiomyomata in African-American women: a prospective study","volume":"159","author":"Wise","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2021.01.001","article-title":"Black women's psychosocial experiences with seeking surgical treatment for uterine fibroids: implications for clinical practice","volume":"31","author":"VanNoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01059-8","article-title":"Perceptions of ethnoracial factors in the management and treatment of uterine fibroids","volume":"9","author":"Orellana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0216-1","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic differences in women's experiences with symptomatic uterine fibroids: a qualitative assessment","volume":"4","author":"Sengoba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.07.036","article-title":"Social determinants of access to minimally invasive hysterectomy: reevaluating the relationship between race and route of hysterectomy for benign disease","volume":"217","author":"Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4334","article-title":"The burden of uterine fibroids for African-American women: results of a national survey","volume":"22","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8634","article-title":"Black women are more likely than white women to schedule a uterine-sparing treatment for leiomyomas","volume":"30","author":"Wegienka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.07.008","article-title":"Leiomyoma-related hospitalization and surgery: prevalence and predicted growth based on population trends","volume":"205","author":"Wechter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199404000-00011","article-title":"Hysterectomy in the United States, 1988\u20131990","volume":"83","author":"Wilcox","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib92","series-title":"Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of American gynecology","author":"Owens","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib93","series-title":"Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty","author":"Roberts","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5637","article-title":"The Impact of racism on the sexual and reproductive health of African American women","volume":"25","author":"Prather","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.12.020","article-title":"Patient, surgeon, and hospital disparities associated with benign hysterectomy approach and perioperative complications","volume":"216","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2007.07.014","article-title":"Socioeconomic and racial predictors of undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for selected benign diseases: analysis of 341487 hysterectomies","volume":"15","author":"Abenhaim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2471-1","article-title":"black women, shift of hysterectomy to outpatient settings may have lagged behind white women: a claims-based analysis, 2011\u20132013","volume":"17","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004456","article-title":"Disparities in Access to high-volume surgeons within high-volume hospitals for hysterectomy","volume":"138","author":"Knisely","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002990","article-title":"Examining disparities in route of surgery and postoperative complications in black race and hysterectomy","volume":"133","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2022.0130","article-title":"Uterine weight as a modifier of black\/white racial disparities in minimally invasive hysterectomy among veterans with fibroids in the Veterans Health Administration","volume":"6","author":"Carey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2020.11.008","article-title":"Association of race\/ethnicity with surgical route and perioperative outcomes of hysterectomy for leiomyomas","volume":"28","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002738","article-title":"Association of patient race with surgical practice and perioperative morbidity after myomectomy","volume":"132","author":"Stentz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2018.08.005","article-title":"Associations between race\/ethnicity, uterine fibroids, and minimally invasive hysterectomy in the VA Healthcare System","volume":"29","author":"Callegari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001200","article-title":"Contributors to Racial disparities in minimally invasive hysterectomy in the US Department of Veterans Affairs","volume":"57","author":"Katon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1810764","volume":"382","author":"Zondervan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endometriosis. N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.04.021","article-title":"Epidemiology of endometriosis and its comorbidities","volume":"209","author":"Parazzini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib107","first-page":"745","article-title":"The effect of endometriosis symptoms on absenteeism and presenteeism in the workplace and at home","volume":"23","author":"Soliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-018-0667-3","article-title":"Real-world evaluation of direct and indirect economic burden among endometriosis patients in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Soliman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des073","article-title":"The burden of endometriosis: costs and quality of life of women with endometriosis and treated in referral centres","volume":"27","author":"Simoens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.06.067","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and trends in endometriosis diagnosis: a United States population-based study from 2006 to 2015","volume":"225","author":"Christ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1159\/000452660","article-title":"Prevalence and symptomatic burden of diagnosed endometriosis in the United States: national estimates from a cross-sectional surveY of 59,411 Women","volume":"82","author":"Fuldeore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12516","article-title":"Modifiable life style factors and risk for incident endometriosis","volume":"33","author":"Hemmert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib113","first-page":"111","article-title":"Contribution to the problem of the etiology of endometriosis","volume":"21","author":"Brzezinski","year":"1962","journal-title":"Isr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.238","article-title":"Behind the times: revisiting endometriosis and race","volume":"221","author":"Bougie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib115","series-title":"Textbook of Gynecology","first-page":"247","article-title":"Endometriosis","author":"Novak","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib116","series-title":"Gynecology; Principles and Practice","first-page":"432","article-title":"Endometriosis","author":"Kistner","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(76)90502-0","article-title":"Endometriosis in the black woman","volume":"125","author":"Chatman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15692","article-title":"Influence of race\/ethnicity on prevalence and presentation of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Bougie","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(64)90549-6","article-title":"Endometriosis in the Negro Woman: a five year study","volume":"89","author":"Lloyd","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(51)91399-3","article-title":"Fertility in the etiology of endometriosis","volume":"61","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.06.008","article-title":"Predictors of plasma polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations among reproductive-aged black women","volume":"222","author":"Wesselink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.2217\/17455057.3.5.629","article-title":"Endometriosis in African women","volume":"3","author":"Kyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.01.021","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in surgical care for endometriosis across the United States","volume":"226","author":"Orlando","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2022.09.005","article-title":"Impact of race and ethnicity on perioperative outcomes during hysterectomy for endometriosis","volume":"29","author":"Movilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14616","article-title":"Inquiry into women's pathways to diagnosis of endometriosis: a qualitative study protocol","volume":"77","author":"Cromeens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.09.003","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities\/differences in hysterectomy route in women likely eligible for minimally invasive surgery","volume":"27","author":"Pollack","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Minim Invasive Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2018.20.3.peer1-1803","article-title":"Structural Competency and reproductive health","volume":"20","author":"Downey","year":"2018","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"}],"container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028223000602?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028223000602?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T08:37:29Z","timestamp":1758011849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0015028223000602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0015028223000602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-0282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-0282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Racial disparities in uterine fibroids and endometriosis: a systematic review and application of social, structural, and political context","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fertility and Sterility","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92023 American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}