{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:52:40Z","timestamp":1786989160377,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,6,8]],"date-time":"2027-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1812412800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":372,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fertstert.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:57:50Z","timestamp":1773421070000},"page":"947-962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diet, lifestyle factors, and human fertility: what we know, what we wish we knew, and what we may never know"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4436-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Chavarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Salas-Huetos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Mitsunami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Souter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Minguez-Alarcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib1","series-title":"OECD. Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators-A spotlight on fertility trends","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2021","volume":"72","author":"Osterman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"29","author":"Levine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","article-title":"Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility","volume":"96","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.12876","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects: US preventive services task force reaffirmation recommendation statement","volume":"330","author":"Barry","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib6","first-page":"CD007411","article-title":"Antioxidants for male subfertility","volume":"5","author":"de Ligny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib7","first-page":"CD007807","article-title":"Antioxidants for female subfertility","volume":"8","author":"Showell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy057","article-title":"The effect of nutrients and dietary supplements on sperm quality parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"9","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib9","article-title":"MTHFR gene-polymorphism and infertile men in indian population: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"More","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.03.004","article-title":"Associations of C677T polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with male infertility risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"212","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60531-7","article-title":"Gene polymorphisms and male infertility - A meta-analysis and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Simoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.10.075","article-title":"A low intake of antioxidant nutrients is associated with poor semen quality in patients attending fertility clinics","volume":"93","author":"Mendiola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.11.008","article-title":"The effect of antioxidants on male factor infertility: the males, antioxidants, and infertility (MOXI) randomized clinical trial","volume":"113","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.18714","article-title":"Effect of folic acid and zinc supplementation in men on semen quality and live birth among couples undergoing infertility treatment: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"323","author":"Schisterman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.09.037","article-title":"Folate intake and ovarian reserve among women attending a fertility center","volume":"117","author":"Kadir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046276","article-title":"The impact of dietary folate intake on reproductive function in premenopausal women: a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Gaskins","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac002","article-title":"Dietary folate intake and fecundability in two preconception cohorts","volume":"37","author":"Cueto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235110","article-title":"Dietary supplement intake and fecundability in a Singapore preconception cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Ku","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.03.089","article-title":"Use of multivitamins, intake of B vitamins and risk of ovulatory infertility","volume":"89","author":"Chavarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2005.00357.x","article-title":"Effects of the common 677C>T mutation of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene on ovarian responsiveness to recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone","volume":"55","author":"Thaler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.03.023","article-title":"Divergent effects of the 677C>T mutation of the 5,10- methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene on ovarian responsiveness and anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone concentrations","volume":"95","author":"Pavlik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.165","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is associated with ovarian follicular activity","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1791-9358","article-title":"Reduced steroid synthesis in the follicular fluid of MTHFR 677TT mutation carriers: effects of increased folic acid administration","volume":"82","author":"Pavlik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.11.011","article-title":"Common 677C\u2192T mutation of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene affects follicular estradiol synthesis","volume":"91","author":"Hecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000477","article-title":"Dietary folate and reproductive success among women undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"124","author":"Gaskins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112185","article-title":"Association between serum folate and vitamin B-12 and outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies","volume":"102","author":"Gaskins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314639","article-title":"The effect of preconceptional multivitamin supplementation on the menstrual cycle","volume":"256","author":"Dud\u00e1s","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02390940","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation","volume":"255","author":"Czeizel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib29","first-page":"55","article-title":"The effect of preconceptional multivitamin supplementation on fertility","volume":"66","author":"Czeizel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124422","article-title":"Efficacy of 4.0 mg versus 0.4 mg folic acid supplementation on the reproductive outcomes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Bortolus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000343","article-title":"Maternal prepregnancy folate intake and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth","volume":"124","author":"Gaskins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx006","article-title":"Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"23","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.08.010","article-title":"Diet and fertility: a review","volume":"218","author":"Gaskins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1071\/RD19342","article-title":"Expression of enzymes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in the stallion testis and epididymis","volume":"32","author":"Gautier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.3.226","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of spermatozoa and immature germ cells","volume":"6","author":"Lenzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(200003)55:3<326::AID-MRD11>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Variation of docosahexaenoic acid content in subsets of human spermatozoa at different stages of maturation: implications for sperm lipoperoxidative damage","volume":"55","author":"Ollero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.101634","article-title":"Walnuts improve semen quality in men consuming a Western-style diet: randomized control dietary intervention trial","volume":"87","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy181","article-title":"Effect of nut consumption on semen quality and functionality in healthy men consuming a Western-style diet: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19462","article-title":"Associations of fish oil supplement use with testicular function in young men","volume":"3","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.190173","article-title":"Processed meat intake is unfavorably and fish intake favorably associated with semen quality indicators among men attending a fertility clinic","volume":"144","author":"Afeiche","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2018.1431753","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 fatty acids, EPA, and\/or DHA on male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Hosseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.10.022","article-title":"Semen quality and time to pregnancy: the longitudinal investigation of fertility and the environment study","volume":"101","author":"Buck Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00799.x","article-title":"Prediction of spontaneous conception based on semen parameters","volume":"31","author":"Jedrzejczak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00385","article-title":"Seafood intake, sexual activity, and time to pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Gaskins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.03.053","article-title":"Women\u2019s and men\u2019s intake of omega-3 fatty acids and their food sources and assisted reproductive technologies outcomes","volume":"227","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx204","article-title":"Dietary fat intake and fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies","volume":"187","author":"Wise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac027","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and fecundability","volume":"37","author":"Stanhiser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy185","article-title":"Intake of protein-rich foods in relation to outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies","volume":"108","author":"Nassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex335","article-title":"Serum omega-3 fatty acids and treatment outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"33","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13789","article-title":"Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and sperm quality from the Led-Fertyl study","volume":"13","author":"Davila-Cordova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.10.021","article-title":"Paternal adherence to healthy dietary patterns in relation to sperm parameters and outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies","volume":"117","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100454","article-title":"Mediterranean diet, semen quality, and medically assisted reproductive outcomes in the male population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Agarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39826-7","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is positively associated with sperm motility: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"9","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.21610","article-title":"Association of dietary patterns with testicular function in young Danish men","volume":"3","author":"Nassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.29982","article-title":"Women\u2019s adherence to healthy dietary patterns and outcomes of infertility treatment","volume":"6","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.02.004","article-title":"Dietary patterns and outcomes of assisted reproduction","volume":"220","author":"Gaskins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac213","article-title":"Dietary patterns and fecundability in 2 prospective preconception cohorts","volume":"116","author":"Willis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.08.034","article-title":"Dietary patterns and difficulty conceiving: a nested case-control study","volume":"96","author":"Toledo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000287293.25465.e1","article-title":"Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility","volume":"110","author":"Chavarro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.07.011","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and outcomes of assisted reproduction: an Italian cohort study","volume":"221","author":"Ricci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey003","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IVF success rate among non-obese women attempting fertility","volume":"33","author":"Karayiannis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib62","first-page":"2945","article-title":"Mediterranean and western dietary patterns are related to markers of testicular function among healthy men","volume":"30","author":"Cutillas-Tolin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des298","article-title":"Dietary patterns and semen quality in young men","volume":"27","author":"Gaskins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2021.01.017","article-title":"Effects of a lifestyle change intervention on semen quality in healthy young men living in highly polluted areas in Italy: the FASt randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Montano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib65","first-page":"396","article-title":"A dietary score representing the overall relation of men\u2019s diet with semen quality in relation to outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproduction","volume":"2","author":"Mitsunami","year":"2021","journal-title":"F S Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02251-9","article-title":"Men\u2019s dietary patterns in relation to infertility treatment outcomes among couples undergoing in vitro fertilization","volume":"38","author":"Mitsunami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9944-x","article-title":"Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Greenwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14464","article-title":"The association between caffeine and alcohol consumption and IVF\/ICSI outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14261-8","article-title":"Female alcohol consumption and fecundability: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib70","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and fecundability: prospective Danish cohort study","volume":"354","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-00973-z","article-title":"Relationship between caffeine intake and infertility: a systematic review of controlled clinical studies","volume":"20","author":"Bu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S146496","article-title":"Association between coffee or caffeine consumption and fecundity and fertility: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lyngs\u00f8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015002463","article-title":"Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03656-w","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and associations with physical size, dysmorphology and neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Akison","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-017-0257-2","article-title":"Coffee and caffeine intake and male infertility: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Ricci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2016.09.012","article-title":"Semen quality and alcohol intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Ricci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.04.022","article-title":"Caffeine and caffeinated beverage consumption and fecundability in a preconception cohort","volume":"62","author":"Wesselink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez294","article-title":"Male alcohol consumption and fecundability","volume":"35","author":"H\u00f8yer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13795","article-title":"The association of men\u2019s beverage intake with semen quality and assisted reproduction outcomes in patients undergoing fertility treatment","volume":"13","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13615","article-title":"A preconception cohort study of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and semen quality","volume":"12","author":"Joseph","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu102","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in young men","volume":"29","author":"Chiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab179","article-title":"Association between intake of soft drinks and testicular function in young men","volume":"36","author":"Nassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000812","article-title":"Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort","volume":"29","author":"Hatch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31819d68cc","article-title":"Caffeinated and alcoholic beverage intake in relation to ovulatory disorder infertility","volume":"20","author":"Chavarro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.18360","article-title":"Maternal intake of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages and outcomes of assisted reproduction: a prospective cohort study","volume":"133","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.09.007","article-title":"Association between preconception maternal beverage intake and in vitro fertilization outcomes","volume":"108","author":"Machtinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2017.11.004","article-title":"Is there an association between artificial sweetener consumption and assisted reproduction outcomes?","volume":"36","author":"Setti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.08.018","article-title":"Obesity and reproduction: a committee opinion","volume":"116","author":"Penzias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042921-123851","article-title":"Maternal mortality in the United States: trends and opportunities for prevention","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13082","article-title":"Male adiposity, sperm parameters and reproductive hormones: An updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms050","article-title":"BMI in relation to sperm count: An updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Sermondade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex001","article-title":"Couples\u2019 body composition and time-to-pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Sundaram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.04.034","article-title":"BMI status and weight trajectories across females\u2019 reproductive years and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"120","author":"Arvizu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2015.07.012","article-title":"Paternal obesity negatively affects male fertility and assisted reproduction outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz011","article-title":"Female obesity is negatively associated with live birth rate following IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Sermondade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx027","article-title":"How effective are weight-loss interventions for improving fertility in women and men who are overweight or obese? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Best","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmae008","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of exercise, diet and\/or pharmacological interventions on BMI, ovulation, and hormonal profile in reproductive-aged women with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Ruiz-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-01025","article-title":"The effect of weight loss before in vitro fertilization on reproductive outcomes in women with obesity a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Michalopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib99","article-title":"Randomized trial of a lifestyle program in obese infertile women","volume":"160","author":"Mutsaerts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.02.038","article-title":"Effectiveness of preconception weight loss interventions on fertility in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Caldwell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.006","article-title":"Randomized comparison of the influence of dietary management and\/or physical exercise on ovarian function and metabolic parameters in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Nybacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0751","article-title":"The effect of a hypocaloric diet with and without exercise training on body composition, cardiometabolic risk profile, and reproductive function in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Thomson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1659","article-title":"Benefit of delayed fertility therapy with preconception weight loss over immediate therapy in obese women with PCOS","volume":"101","author":"Legro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.027","article-title":"Weight loss prior to pregnancy and subsequent gestational weight gain: Prepare, a randomized clinical trial","volume":"224","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0761-6","article-title":"Preconception lifestyle intervention reduces long term energy intake in women with obesity and infertility: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Van Elten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-022-06700-3","article-title":"Effect of metformin and exenatide on pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcomes in overweight or obese infertility PCOS women: long-term follow-up of an RCT","volume":"306","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3533","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab340","article-title":"Effect of orlistat on live birth rate in overweight or obese women undergoing IVF-ET: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0175","article-title":"Liraglutide increases IVF pregnancy rates in obese PCOS women with poor response to first-line reproductive treatments: a pilot randomized study","volume":"179","author":"Salamun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12690","article-title":"What is known about the use of weight loss medication in women with overweight\/obesity on fertility and reproductive health outcomes? A scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Maslin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405789","article-title":"Outcomes of Pregnancy after Bariatric Surgery","volume":"372","author":"Johansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.02.003","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes after bariatric surgery; a systematic review and meta-analysis: do the benefits outweigh the risks?","volume":"218","author":"Kwong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib112","article-title":"The effect of obesity interventions on male fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Peel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112440747","article-title":"Bariatric surgery does not interfere with sperm quality-a preliminary long-term study","volume":"19","author":"Reis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16042","article-title":"Semaglutide improved sperm morphology in obese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and functional hypogonadism","volume":"27","author":"Gregori\u010d","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105284","article-title":"Effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide on sexuality in healthy men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"107","author":"Lengsfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091644","article-title":"Physical activity and television watching in relation to semen quality in young men","volume":"49","author":"Gaskins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200203000-00013","article-title":"Physical activity, body mass index, and ovulatory disorder infertility","volume":"13","author":"Rich-Edwards","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib118","first-page":"4220","article-title":"High frequency of luteal phase deficiency and anovulation in recreational women runners: blunted elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone observed during luteal-follicular transition","volume":"82","author":"Souza","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae275","article-title":"A prospective study of male physical activity and fecundability","volume":"40","author":"Wise","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.76.12.1432","article-title":"Exercise as a risk factor for infertility with ovulatory dysfunction","volume":"76","author":"Green","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199907000-00006","article-title":"Effects of short-term strenuous endurance exercise upon corpus luteum function","volume":"31","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00386.2013","article-title":"Magnitude of daily energy deficit predicts frequency but not severity of menstrual disturbances associated with exercise and caloric restriction","volume":"308","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.11.006","article-title":"Physical activity and semen quality among men attending an infertility clinic","volume":"95","author":"Wise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem391","article-title":"Structured exercise training programme versus hypocaloric hyperproteic diet in obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients with anovulatory infertility: a 24-week pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Palomba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381211055399","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise training on male factor infertility: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Hajizadeh Maleki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib126","series-title":"WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2015: raising taxes on tobacco","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1021\/es048690k","article-title":"Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes","volume":"39","author":"Ding","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.12.029","article-title":"Tobacco or marijuana use and infertility: a committee opinion","volume":"121","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.6.1532","article-title":"Smoking and female infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Augood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2014.846195","article-title":"Association of cigarette smoking with reproductive hormone levels and semen quality in healthy adult men in Taiwan","volume":"49","author":"Jeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh128","article-title":"Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy","volume":"159","author":"Venners","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn046","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking upon clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Waylen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278998","article-title":"Association between cigarette smoking and ovarian reserve among women seeking fertility care","volume":"17","author":"Oladipupo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-017-0032-2","article-title":"Discrete survival model analysis of a couple\u2019s smoking pattern and outcomes of assisted reproduction","volume":"3","author":"Vanegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-2172-7","article-title":"Ovarian reserve and in vitro fertilization cycles outcome according to women smoking status and stimulation regimen","volume":"285","author":"Freour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.03.072","article-title":"Cigarette smoke condensate exposure delays follicular development and function in a stage-dependent manner","volume":"95","author":"Sadeu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095945","article-title":"The effects of cigarette smoke extract on ovulation, oocyte morphology and ovarian gene expression in mice","volume":"9","author":"Mai","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.7.1382","article-title":"Effects of female and male smoking on success rates of IVF and gamete intra-Fallopian transfer","volume":"16","author":"Klonoff-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib139","article-title":"Prevalence of and trends in current cannabis use among US youth and adults, 2013-2022","volume":"12","author":"Mattingly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00071-3","article-title":"Cannabis use frequency, route of administration, and co-use with alcohol among older adults in Washington state","volume":"3","author":"Subbaraman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cannabis Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084204","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids: exploring pharmacological profiles and their impact on therapeutical Use","volume":"25","author":"Blebea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib143","article-title":"In the weeds: A comprehensive review of cannabis; its chemical complexity, biosynthesis, and healing abilities","volume":"13","author":"Laaboudi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010021","article-title":"Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabidiol","volume":"9","author":"Atalay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)41364-6","article-title":"Effect of acute \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment on serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels in adult female rats","volume":"26","author":"Chakravarty","year":"1975","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib146","first-page":"31","article-title":"Acute effect of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis in the rat","volume":"23","author":"Ayalon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib147","first-page":"339","article-title":"Effects of delta 9-THC on plasma hormone levels in female mice","volume":"4","author":"Dalterio","year":"1983","journal-title":"Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod27.1.223","article-title":"In vitro effects of cannabinoids on follicular function in the rat","volume":"27","author":"Reich","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)05964-1","article-title":"The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the metabolism of gonadal steroids in the rat","volume":"5","author":"List","year":"1977","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20295","article-title":"Effects of chronic bhang (cannabis) administration on the reproductive system of male mice","volume":"92","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.108952","article-title":"Post-weaning exposure to cannabidiol disrupts testicular cytoarchitecture and sperm quality in mice","volume":"135","author":"Carvalho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2024.12.003","article-title":"Do Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol have opposed effects on male fertility?","volume":"403","author":"Scandlan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000689","article-title":"Impact of tobacco and marijuana on infertility and early reproductive wastage","volume":"65","author":"Bortoletto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-24-0369","article-title":"The impact of cannabinoids on reproductive function","volume":"169","author":"Cameron","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez002","article-title":"Marijuana smoking and markers of testicular function among men from a fertility centre","volume":"34","author":"Nassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000686","article-title":"Effects of marijuana on reproductive health: preconception and gestational effects","volume":"28","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000248","article-title":"Cannabis and male fertility: A systematic review","volume":"202","author":"Payne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.05.056","article-title":"Impact of cannabinoids on pregnancy, reproductive health, and offspring outcomes","volume":"227","author":"Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez098","article-title":"Marijuana smoking and outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies","volume":"34","author":"Nassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2007.03.016","article-title":"Anger and psychobiological changes during smoking abstinence and in response to acute stress: prediction of smoking relapse","volume":"66","author":"Al\u2019Absi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.014","article-title":"Prospective examination of effects of smoking abstinence on cortisol and withdrawal symptoms as predictors of early smoking relapse","volume":"73","author":"Al\u2019Absi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.08.005","article-title":"Stress-related factors in cannabis use and misuse: Implications for prevention and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Hyman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.214106","article-title":"Urinary cannabinoid disposition in occasional and frequent smokers: Is THC-glucuronide in sequential urine samples a marker of recent use in frequent smokers?","volume":"60","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000427","article-title":"An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS\/MS assay using online extraction for the analysis of 11 cannabinoids and metabolites in human plasma and urine","volume":"39","author":"Klawitter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.11.011","article-title":"When substance use is underreported: comparing self-reports and hair toxicology in an urban cohort of young adults","volume":"62","author":"Steinhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2021.1941520","article-title":"Underreporting of past-year cannabis use on a national survey by people who smoke blunts","volume":"43","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00433-9","article-title":"Cocaine\u2019s effects on neuroendocrine systems: clinical and preclinical studies","volume":"57","author":"Mello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7429.1459","article-title":"Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma related to gravitational challenge: systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"327","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002902","article-title":"Uncertainty in decision making in medicine: a scoping review and thematic analysis of conceptual models","volume":"95","author":"Helou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"}],"container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028226001652?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028226001652?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:30:19Z","timestamp":1780939819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0015028226001652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0015028226001652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-0282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-0282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diet, lifestyle factors, and human fertility: what we know, what we wish we knew, and what we may never know","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fertility and Sterility","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92026 American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}