{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:39:46Z","timestamp":1789342786836,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP2019934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2019934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP2036366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2036366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1198172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1198172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fertstert.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T07:25:31Z","timestamp":1773645931000},"page":"757-769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seminal fluid cytokines in reproductive health and fertility of men"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9967-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Sharkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.10.021","article-title":"Limitations of semen analysis as a test of male fertility and anticipated needs from newer tests","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv042","article-title":"Sperm selection in natural conception: what can we learn from Mother Nature to improve assisted reproduction outcomes?","volume":"21","author":"Sakkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094368","article-title":"Seminal plasma: relevant for fertility?","volume":"22","author":"Rodriguez-Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2023.103622","article-title":"A systematic review identifying seminal plasma biomarkers and their predictive ability on IVF and ICSI outcomes","volume":"48","author":"van den Berg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem281","article-title":"Concentrations and significance of cytokines and other immunologic factors in semen of healthy fertile men","volume":"22","author":"Politch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.02.001","article-title":"Cytokines in the male reproductive tract and their role in infertility disorders","volume":"108","author":"Fraczek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156701","article-title":"Screening of cytokine expression in human seminal plasma in associations with sperm disorders and markers of oxidative-antioxidant balance","volume":"182","author":"Placzkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib8","article-title":"Cytokines: from clinical significance to quantification","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00307","article-title":"Cytokines in male fertility and reproductive pathologies: immunoregulation and beyond","volume":"8","author":"Loveland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13772","article-title":"Immunoregulation and male reproductive function: impacts and mechanistic insights into inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13424","article-title":"Immune regulatory cytokines in seminal plasma of healthy men: a scoping review and analysis of variance","volume":"11","author":"Lyons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib12","author":"Lyons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2015.54596","article-title":"Cytokines in the blood and semen of infertile patients","volume":"40","author":"Havrylyuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod58.5.1217","article-title":"Seminal transforming growth factor beta1 stimulates granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production and inflammatory cell recruitment in the murine uterus","volume":"58","author":"Tremellen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew185","article-title":"Seminal plasma transforming growth factor-beta, activin A and follistatin fluctuate within men over time","volume":"31","author":"Sharkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex106","article-title":"Seminal plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFNG) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) fluctuate over time within men","volume":"32","author":"Sharkey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13338","article-title":"Roles of male reproductive tract extracellular vesicles in reproduction","volume":"85","author":"Tamessar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02038-9","article-title":"Sperm modulate uterine immune parameters relevant to embryo implantation and reproductive success in mice","volume":"4","author":"Schjenken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58461-1","article-title":"Localization of seminal plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 on human spermatozoa: an immunocytochemical study","volume":"66","author":"Chu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-23-0088","article-title":"The efficacy and functional consequences of interactions between human spermatozoa and seminal fluid extracellular vesicles","volume":"5","author":"Tamessar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.70088","article-title":"Advancing understanding of the protein composition of human seminal extracellular vesicles","volume":"26","author":"Tamessar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib22","first-page":"318","article-title":"Genotypic and Allelic prevalence of the TGF- Beta1 +869 C\/T SNP and Their relationship to seminogram in Infertile males","volume":"12","author":"Al-Naqshbandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rep Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1559-0275-9-2","article-title":"Characterization of the seminal plasma proteome in men with prostatitis by mass spectrometry","volume":"9","author":"Kagedan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.07.016","article-title":"Seminal plasma cytokines and chemokines in prostate inflammation: interleukin 8 as a predictive biomarker in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"51","author":"Penna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413467","article-title":"Mycoplasma genitalium Provokes Seminal inflammation among infertile males","volume":"22","author":"Tjagur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8678","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158678","article-title":"Possible implications of bacteriospermia on the sperm quality, oxidative characteristics, and seminal cytokine network in normozoospermic men","volume":"23","author":"Tvrda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2021.105247","article-title":"Seminal pro-inflammatory cytokines and pH are affected by Chlamydia infection in asymptomatic patients with teratozoospermia","volume":"46","author":"Perez-Soto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-024-03321-4","article-title":"Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive tract: insights from semen analysis and cryopreservation","volume":"42","author":"Giugliano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1220048","article-title":"COVID-19 associates with semen inflammation and sperm quality impairment that reverses in the short term after disease recovery","volume":"14","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib30","first-page":"586","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the male reproductive system: a brief review","volume":"13","author":"Rago","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir700","article-title":"Semen of HIV-1-infected individuals: local shedding of herpesviruses and reprogrammed cytokine network","volume":"205","author":"Lisco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit649","article-title":"Distinct cytokine patterns in semen influence local HIV shedding and HIV target cell activation","volume":"209","author":"Olivier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx033","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx033","article-title":"Clinical and mucosal immune correlates of HIV-1 semen levels in antiretroviral-naive men","volume":"4","author":"Osborne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003146","article-title":"Effect of HIV suppression on the cytokine network in blood and seminal plasma","volume":"36","author":"Rawlings","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000964","article-title":"Distinct cytokine\/chemokine network in semen and blood characterize different stages of HIV infection","volume":"30","author":"Vanpouille","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.171886","article-title":"Peripheral plasma and semen cytokine response to Zika virus in humans","volume":"25","author":"Mansuy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac329","article-title":"Association between prolonged shedding of Zika virus in human semen and male reproductive tract inflammation","volume":"226","author":"Vogt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061051","article-title":"High-Risk HPV with multiple infections promotes CYP2E1, lipoperoxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines in semen of asymptomatic infertile men","volume":"11","author":"Perez-Soto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.01.010","article-title":"Evaluation of human papilloma virus in semen as a risk factor for low sperm quality and poor in vitro fertilization outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Weinberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103349","article-title":"Identification of distinct seminal plasma cytokine profiles associated with male age and lifestyle characteristics in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"147","author":"du Fosse","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13539","article-title":"Analysis of the functional aspects and seminal plasma proteomic profile of sperm from smokers","volume":"118","author":"Antoniassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.04.017","article-title":"Resistin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and human semen parameters in the presence of leukocytospermia, smoking habit, and varicocele","volume":"102","author":"Moretti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12529","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased seminal inflammatory cytokines and reproductive dysfunction in a case-controlled male cohort","volume":"76","author":"Leisegang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12296","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and the seminal cytokine network in morbidly obese males","volume":"5","author":"Pilatz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab123","article-title":"High fat diet alters male seminal plasma composition to impair female immune adaptation for pregnancy in mice","volume":"162","author":"Schjenken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806333115","article-title":"Paternal diet programs offspring health through sperm- and seminal plasma-specific pathways in mice","volume":"115","author":"Watkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03914-8","article-title":"Paternal low protein diet perturbs inter-generational metabolic homeostasis in a tissue-specific manner in mice","volume":"5","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319127","article-title":"Impairment of spermatogenesis and sperm motility by the high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis of gut microbes","volume":"69","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0249","article-title":"Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training for improving reproductive function in infertile men: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Hajizadeh Maleki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10228","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27365","article-title":"Effect of scrotal heating on sperm quality, seminal biochemical substances, and reproductive hormones in human fertile men","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib51","article-title":"Changes in levels of seminal nitric oxide synthase, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, sperm DNA Integrity and caspase-3 in fertile men after scrotal heat stress","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06133.x","article-title":"Interleukin-8 levels in seminal plasma in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and nonspecific urethritis","volume":"97","author":"Khadra","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(98)00390-2","article-title":"Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the semen of patients with chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Alexander","year":"1998","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.2001.00358.x","article-title":"Seminal plasma cytokine levels in the diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Orhan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12860","article-title":"Correlation of inflammatory mediators in prostatic secretion with chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib56","article-title":"Microbiology and immune mechanisms associated with male infertility","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00493-7","article-title":"Relationship between semen IL-6, IL-33 and malondialdehyde generation in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa","volume":"28","author":"Moretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180118","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of seminal plasma proteins in varicocele patients","volume":"39","author":"Panner Selvam","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12598","article-title":"Effect of chronic glomerulonephritis on the semen quality and cytokines in the semen of infertile males","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02785.x","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are elevated in seminal plasma of men with spinal cord injuries","volume":"25","author":"Basu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00282.x","article-title":"T-helper 2 type cytokine and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in seminal plasma of infertile men","volume":"38","author":"Paradisi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010390219926","article-title":"Soluble Fas and interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in seminal plasma of infertile men","volume":"49","author":"Furuya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00380.x","article-title":"Increased IL-18 levels in seminal plasma of infertile men with genital tract infections","volume":"55","author":"Matalliotakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02693.x","article-title":"Male genital tract inflammation: the role of selected interleukins in regulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymatic substances in seminal plasma","volume":"24","author":"Sanocka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0303-4569.2001.00486.x","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokine response of the fluid contents of spermatoceles and epididymal cysts","volume":"34","author":"Kocak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1996.tb01765.x","article-title":"Cytokine levels in the seminal plasma of infertile males","volume":"17","author":"Gruschwitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12207","article-title":"Relationship of semen hyperviscosity with IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and ROS production in seminal plasma of infertile patients with prostatitis and prostato-vesiculitis","volume":"46","author":"Castiglione","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2019.102857","article-title":"Soluble HLA-G and TGF-beta in couples attending assisted reproduction - a possible role of TGF-beta isoforms in semen?","volume":"137","author":"Nilsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2003.10.005","article-title":"Male genital tract infection: an influence of leukocytes and bacteria on semen","volume":"62","author":"Sanocka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00911.x","article-title":"Semen characteristics and inflammatory mediators in infertile men with different clinical diagnoses","volume":"32","author":"Moretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)57674-2","article-title":"Oxidative stress and interleukins in seminal plasma during leukocytospermia","volume":"64","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib72","first-page":"162","article-title":"Interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 concentrations in seminal plasma of male with seminogram abnormalities","volume":"35","author":"Dziadecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Central-Eur J Imunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1998.tb01180.x","article-title":"Increased levels of interleukin-8 in human seminal plasma","volume":"30","author":"Koumantakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00957.x","article-title":"Detection of monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) and interleukin (IL)-6 in human seminal plasma and effect of leukospermia on these cytokine levels","volume":"34","author":"Shimoya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55876-2","article-title":"Detection of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in seminal plasma and elevated IL-8 in seminal plasma of infertile patients with leukospermia","volume":"59","author":"Shimoya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib76","first-page":"857","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy for seminal infection. Effect on antioxidant activity and T-helper cytokines","volume":"43","author":"Omu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1996.tb01855.x","article-title":"The relation between reactive oxygen species and cytokines in andrological patients with or without male accessory gland infection","volume":"17","author":"Depuydt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2002.01086.x","article-title":"Distinct expression pattern of cytokines in semen of men with genital infection and oligo-terato-asthenozoospermia","volume":"48","author":"Matalliotakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.06.028","article-title":"New method for differentiating chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome IIIA from IIIB involving seminal macrophages and monocytes","volume":"78","author":"Aghazarian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15117","article-title":"Patients with chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome show T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 self-reactive immune responses specific to prostate and seminal antigens and diminished semen quality","volume":"126","author":"Motrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0382","article-title":"COVID-19 and male reproductive function: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study","volume":"161","author":"Hajizadeh Maleki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12992","article-title":"Identification of seminal markers of male accessory gland inflammation: From molecules to proteome","volume":"80","author":"Grande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2003.tb00861.x","article-title":"Male accessory gland infection: standardization of inflammatory parameters including cytokines","volume":"35","author":"Hochreiter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306797120","article-title":"Regulatory T cells play a crucial role in maintaining sperm tolerance and male fertility","volume":"120","author":"Barrachina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155834","article-title":"Interferon gamma, IL-17, and IL-1beta impair sperm motility and viability and induce sperm apoptosis","volume":"152","author":"Paira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60309-4","article-title":"TNF-alpha and IL-6 affect human sperm function by elevating nitric oxide production","volume":"17","author":"Lampiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.107.003319","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines as an intermediate factor enhancing lipid sperm membrane peroxidation in in vitro conditions","volume":"29","author":"Fraczek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.002022","article-title":"Neutralization of cytokine activity at the receptor level improves sperm motility in men with spinal cord injuries","volume":"28","author":"Brackett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2004.tb03162.x","article-title":"Sperm motility in men with spinal cord injuries is enhanced by inactivating cytokines in the seminal plasma","volume":"25","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2010.01042.x","article-title":"Cytokine expression in the seminal plasma and its effects on fertilisation rates in an IVF cycle","volume":"43","author":"Seshadri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.03.006","article-title":"The relationship of seminal transforming growth factor-beta1 and interleukin-18 with reproductive success in women exposed to seminal plasma during IVF\/ICSI treatment","volume":"117","author":"Nikolaeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719118804404","article-title":"The link between seminal cytokine interleukin 18, female circulating regulatory T Cells, and IVF\/ICSI success","volume":"26","author":"Nikolaeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13613","article-title":"Comparative proteome profiling of seminal components reveal impaired immune cell signalling as paternal contributors in recurrent pregnancy loss patients","volume":"89","author":"Jena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2018","article-title":"The female response to seminal fluid","volume":"100","author":"Schjenken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1101","article-title":"Seminal fluid and fertility in women","volume":"106","author":"Robertson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.04.023","article-title":"Immune determinants of endometrial receptivity: a biological perspective","volume":"117","author":"Robertson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00573","article-title":"New paradigm in the role of regulatory T cells during pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Tsuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1992.tb00765.x","article-title":"The leukocytic reaction of the human uterine cervix","volume":"28","author":"Thompson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00959","article-title":"Multiplex determination of murine seminal fluid cytokine profiles","volume":"131","author":"Gopichandran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1071\/RD13153","article-title":"A novel subclass of bovine ?-defensins links reproduction and immunology","volume":"26","author":"Narciandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137682","article-title":"The removal of morphologically abnormal sperm forms by phagocytes: a positive role for seminal leukocytes?","volume":"7","author":"Tomlinson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.130146ja","article-title":"Causes and consequences of apoptosis in spermatozoa; contributions to infertility and impacts on development","volume":"57","author":"Aitken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Develop Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22500","article-title":"Sugar-coated sperm: unraveling the functions of the mammalian sperm glycocalyx","volume":"82","author":"Tecle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1992.tb01193.x","article-title":"The evolution of eutherian spermatozoa and underlying selective forces: female selection and sperm competition","volume":"67","author":"Roldan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102736","article-title":"Seminal fluid induces leukocyte recruitment and cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in the human cervix after coitus","volume":"188","author":"Sharkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gam028","article-title":"Seminal plasma differentially regulates inflammatory cytokine gene expression in human cervical and vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Sharkey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200005","article-title":"TGF-beta mediates proinflammatory seminal fluid signaling in human cervical epithelial cells","volume":"189","author":"Sharkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib108","article-title":"Seminal plasma induces inflammation and enhances HIV-1 replication in human cervical tissue explants","volume":"13","author":"Introini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plos Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02049-y","article-title":"Neutrophil diversity and function in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy071","article-title":"Interferon-gamma inhibits seminal plasma induction of colony-stimulating factor 2 in mouse and human reproductive tract epithelial cells","volume":"99","author":"Sharkey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02721","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine profiles of semen influence cytokine responses of cervicovaginal epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Rametse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/3.2.137","article-title":"Peptide growth factors and preimplantation development","volume":"3","author":"Kane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1720221","article-title":"Growth factor expression and function in the human and mouse preimplantation embryo","volume":"172","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.12.003","article-title":"Embryotoxic cytokines-potential roles in embryo loss and fetal programming","volume":"125","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305609111","article-title":"Maternal tract factors contribute to paternal seminal fluid impact on metabolic phenotype in offspring","volume":"111","author":"Bromfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2022.05610","article-title":"TLR-1, TLR-2, and TLR-6 MYD88-dependent signaling pathway: a potential factor in the interaction of high-DNA fragmentation human sperm with fallopian tube epithelial cells","volume":"50","author":"Zandieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18335-w","article-title":"Fallopian tubes influences sperm selection and fertilization success","volume":"15","author":"Vatankhah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gag095","article-title":"Seminal plasma induces mRNA expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and LIF in endometrial epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Gutsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00870.x","article-title":"Seminal plasma stimulates cytokine production in endometrial epithelial cell cultures independently of the presence of leucocytes","volume":"40","author":"Ochsenkuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.01.010","article-title":"Seminal plasma promotes lesion development in a xenograft model of endometriosis","volume":"185","author":"McGuane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00525-20","article-title":"Seminal plasma-derived extracellular-vesicle fractions from HIV-infected men exhibit unique microRNA signatures and induce a proinflammatory response in cells isolated from the female reproductive tract","volume":"94","author":"Marques de Menezes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaae017","article-title":"In vivo effect of vaginal seminal plasma application on the human endometrial transcriptome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Catalini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1071\/RD10296","article-title":"Seminal plasma enhances and accelerates progesterone-induced decidualisation of human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"24","author":"Doyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa015","article-title":"Seminal plasma promotes decidualization of endometrial stromal fibroblasts in vitro from women with and without inflammatory disorders in a manner dependent on interleukin-11 signaling","volume":"35","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.140096sr","article-title":"Immunological determinants of implantation success","volume":"58","author":"Robertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4224","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122182","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in embryo implantation and the immune response to pregnancy","volume":"128","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01018.x","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and Foxp3","volume":"241","author":"Rudensky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3361","article-title":"Mechanisms of T cell tolerance towards the allogeneic fetus","volume":"13","author":"Erlebacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.02.005","article-title":"Paternal antigen-specific proliferating regulatory T cells are increased in uterine-draining lymph nodes just before implantation and in pregnant uterus just after implantation by seminal plasma-priming in allogeneic mouse pregnancy","volume":"108","author":"Shima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib130","article-title":"Treg cells promote decidual vascular remodeling and modulate uterine NK cells in pregnant mice","volume":"10","author":"Hosking","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib131","article-title":"Sperm regulate expression of inflammatory response genes in the female reproductive tract after coitus in the mouse. In: Society for Reproductive Biology","author":"Robertson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gold Coast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu047","article-title":"Seminal plasma induces global transcriptomic changes associated with cell migration, proliferation and viability in endometrial epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00720.x","article-title":"Timed sexual intercourse facilitates the recruitment of uterine CD56(bright) natural killer cells in women with infertility","volume":"62","author":"Kimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.07.002","article-title":"Balancing acts: the role of TGF-beta in the mucosal immune system","volume":"17","author":"Konkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.074658","article-title":"Seminal fluid drives expansion of the CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell pool and induces tolerance to paternal alloantigens in mice","volume":"80","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2017.41","article-title":"An immunogenic phenotype in paternal antigen-specific CD8+ T cells at embryo implantation elicits later fetal loss in mice","volume":"95","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01015.x","article-title":"Dendritic cell control of tolerogenic responses","volume":"241","author":"Manicassamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu052","article-title":"The role of seminal plasma for improved outcomes during in vitro fertilization treatment: review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15004","article-title":"Effectiveness of seminal plasma in in vitro fertilisation treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Saccone","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.01.012","article-title":"The immunomodulating effect of seminal plasma on T cells","volume":"110","author":"Meuleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1992.tb02636.x","article-title":"Morphology and functions of the human seminal vesicle","volume":"24","author":"Aumuller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(01)00063-8","article-title":"A repertoire of cytokines in human seminal plasma","volume":"54","author":"Maegawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228499","article-title":"The vehicle determines the destination: the significance of seminal plasma factors for male fertility","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0520147","article-title":"Prostaglandin concentrations in the semen of fertile men","volume":"52","author":"Templeton","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70263-2","article-title":"The action of prostaglandin E2 on the human cervix: stimulation of interleukin 8 and inhibition of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor","volume":"180","author":"Denison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib146","article-title":"Seminal CD38 enhances human sperm capacitation through its interaction with CD31","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413493112","article-title":"Seminal CD38 is a pivotal regulator for fetomaternal tolerance","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gar052","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen-G in the male reproductive system and in seminal plasma","volume":"17","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043503","article-title":"Ejaculatory abstinence affects the sperm quality in normozoospermic men-how does the seminal bacteriome respond?","volume":"24","author":"Tvrda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017_bib150","article-title":"Point-of-care detection of cytokines in cytokine storm management and beyond: Significance and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"View (Beijing)"}],"container-title":["Fertility and Sterility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028226001706?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0015028226001706?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:48:02Z","timestamp":1778924882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0015028226001706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0015028226001706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-0282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-0282","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Seminal fluid cytokines in reproductive health and fertility of men","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fertility and Sterility","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2026.03.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}