{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:29:40Z","timestamp":1791422980016,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fungal Genetics and Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]],"date-time":"2014-01-09T04:39:14Z","timestamp":1389242354000},"page":"25-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Functional characterization of a veA-dependent polyketide synthase gene in Aspergillus flavus necessary for the synthesis of asparasone, a sclerotium-specific pigment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Cary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela Y.","family":"Harris-Coward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth C.","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Diana","family":"Di Mavungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana V.","family":"Malysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"De Saeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick F.","family":"Dowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourabha","family":"Shantappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey L.","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155888","article-title":"VelB\/VeA\/LaeA complex coordinates light signal with fungal development and secondary metabolism","volume":"320","author":"Bayram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2010.05.008","article-title":"Spotlight on Aspergillus nidulans photosensory systems","volume":"47","author":"Bayram","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fung. Genet. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.24.090186.002211","article-title":"Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins","volume":"24","author":"Bell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.93.4.1276-1280.1967","article-title":"Melanins and resistance of fungi to lysis","volume":"93","author":"Bloomfield","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201200624","article-title":"Molecular diversity sculpted by fungal PKS-NRPS hybrids","volume":"14","author":"Boettger","year":"2013","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1562\/2005-05-08-RA-52","article-title":"Conidial pigmentation is important to tolerance against solar-simulated radiation in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","volume":"82","author":"Braga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013131930192","article-title":"The effect of fungal ribosome inactivating proteins upon feeding choice in C. freemani, and indications of a mutualistic relationship with A. restrictus","volume":"152","author":"Brandhorst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2008.03.014","article-title":"The VeA regulatory system and its role in morphological and chemical development in fungi","volume":"45","author":"Calvo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fung. Genet. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.8.4733-4739.2004","article-title":"VeA is required for toxin and sclerotial production in Aspergillus parasiticus","volume":"70","author":"Calvo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.2.1096-1101.2006","article-title":"The aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster gene, aflX, encodes an oxidoreductase involved in conversion of versicolorin A to demethylsterigmatocystin","volume":"72","author":"Cary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-1081-y","article-title":"Elucidation of veA-dependent genes associated with aflatoxin and sclerotial production in Aspergillus flavus by functional genomics","volume":"76","author":"Cary","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s002940050102","article-title":"Characterization of the Aspergillus parasiticus niaD and niiA gene cluster","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.03.010","article-title":"Development and refinement of a high-efficiency gene-targeting system for Aspergillus flavus","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2011.11.009","article-title":"The veA gene of the pine needle pathogen Dothistroma septosporum regulates sporulation and secondary metabolism","volume":"49","author":"Chettri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fung. Genet. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.09.090171.000433","article-title":"Survival and germination of fungal sclerotia","volume":"9","author":"Coley-Smith","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200700659","article-title":"Acyl-carrier protein-phosphopantetheinyltransferase partnerships in fungal fatty acid synthases","volume":"9","author":"Crawford","year":"2008","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00222-12","article-title":"VeA regulates conidiation, gliotoxin production, and protease activity in the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"11","author":"Dhingra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077147","article-title":"The fumagillin gene cluster, an example of hundreds of genes under veA control in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"8","author":"Dhingra","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0100","first-page":"149","article-title":"A labor-saving method for rearing a corn sap beetle, Carpophilus freemani Dobson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on pinto bean-based diet","volume":"8","author":"Dowd","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Agric. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0581-5","article-title":"Production of cyclopiazonic acid, aflatrem, and aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus is regulated by veA, a gene necessary for sclerotial formation","volume":"73","author":"Duran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Homologous NRPS-like gene clusters mediate redundant small-molecule biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus","volume":"51","author":"Forseth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2009.00594.x","article-title":"Beyond aflatoxin: four distinct expression patterns and functional roles associated with Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolism gene clusters","volume":"11","author":"Georgianna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2012.03.003","article-title":"Comparison of temperature and moisture requirements for sporulation of Aspergillus flavus sclerotia on natural and artificial substrates","volume":"116","author":"Giorni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fung. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5457","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00258a011","article-title":"Antiinsectan aflavinine derivatives from the sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus","volume":"53","author":"Gloer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-84-883","article-title":"Production and manipulation of individual microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae for use in studies of survival","volume":"84","author":"Hawke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0135","first-page":"77","article-title":"Effect of tricyclazole and pyroquilon on cell wall melanization of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans. Mycol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(08)60245-X","article-title":"Meiotic and mitotic recombination in Aspergillus and its chromosomal aberrations","volume":"19","author":"Kafer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.2.6.1178-1186.2003","article-title":"The expression of sterigmatocystin and penicillin genes in Aspergillus nidulans is controlled by veA, a gene required for sexual development","volume":"2","author":"Kato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2010.06.003","article-title":"SMURF: genomic mapping of fungal secondary metabolite clusters","volume":"47","author":"Khaldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fung. Genet. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0160","first-page":"63","article-title":"Nitidulid beetles as a source of Aspergillus flavus infective inoculum","volume":"31","author":"Lussenhop","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malysheva, S.V., et al., 2013. Identification of novel metabolites from Aspergillus flavus by high resolution and multiple stage mass spectrometry. Food Addit. Contam.: Part A. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/19440049.2013.859743.","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.859743"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2011.00755.x","article-title":"The velvet gene, FgVe1, affects fungal development and positively regulates trichothecene biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum","volume":"13","author":"Merhej","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04458.x","article-title":"Impact of Aspergillus section Flavi community structure on the development of lethal levels of aflatoxins in Kenyan maize (Zea mays)","volume":"108","author":"Probst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0434.1991.tb00139.x","article-title":"The effect of ultraviolet and solar radiation and temperature on survival of fungal propagules","volume":"133","author":"Rotem","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-75-510","article-title":"The role of solar radiation, especially ultraviolet, in the mortality of fungal spores","volume":"75","author":"Rotem","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1039\/c2np00084a","article-title":"Advances in Aspergillus secondary metabolite research in the post-genomic era","volume":"29","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1021\/mp7001544","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro production options for fungal secondary metabolites","volume":"5","author":"Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1021\/np970131m","article-title":"Isolation and structure elucidation of a new metabolite produced by Aspergillus parasiticus","volume":"60","author":"Sobolev","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5299","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00305a030","article-title":"Aflavazole: a new antiinsectan carbazole metabolite from the sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus","volume":"55","author":"TePaske","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1021\/np50086a008","article-title":"Aflavarin and beta-aflatrem: new anti-insectan metabolites from the sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus","volume":"55","author":"TePaske","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2008.09.006","article-title":"Identification of a novel polyketide synthase\u2013nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS\u2013NRPS) gene required for the biosynthesis of cyclopiazonic acid in Aspergillus oryzae","volume":"45","author":"Tokuoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fung. Genet. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5753","article-title":"Modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children","volume":"111","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(98)80027-0","article-title":"Re-identification of Aspergillus nidulans wA gene to code for a polyketide synthase of naphthopyrone","volume":"40","author":"Watanabe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1536(83)80200-9","article-title":"Comparisons of fungal melanin biosynthesis in ascomycetous, imperfect and basidiomycetous fungi","volume":"81","author":"Wheeler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.1995.1037","article-title":"The effects of tricyclazole, pyroquilon, phthalide, and related fungicides on the production of conidial wall pigments by Penicillium and Aspergillus species","volume":"52","author":"Wheeler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pest. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1139\/b82-070","article-title":"Tremoragenic indole metabolites and aflatoxins in sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus Link: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"60","author":"Wicklow","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1536(88)80119-0","article-title":"Sclerotial metabolites of Aspergillus flavus toxic to a detritivorous maize insect (Carpophilus hemipterus, Nitidulidae)","volume":"91","author":"Wicklow","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2010.11.003","article-title":"Bioactive metabolites from Stenocarpella maydis, a stalk and ear rot pathogen of maize","volume":"115","author":"Wicklow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fung. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-005-5237-1","article-title":"Mycotoxin reduction in Bt corn: potential economic, health, and regulatory impacts","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1021\/ja311145n","article-title":"A nonribosomal peptide synthetase-derived iron(III) complex from the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"135","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01403384","article-title":"Changes during development in the permeability of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor to an apoplastic tracer","volume":"167","author":"Young","year":"1992","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6875","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.11.6875-6883.2004","article-title":"Indole-diterpene gene cluster from Aspergillus flavus","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Fungal Genetics and Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1087184514000024?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1087184514000024?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T18:06:52Z","timestamp":1597342012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1087184514000024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S1087184514000024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-1845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-1845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Functional characterization of a veA-dependent polyketide synthase gene in Aspergillus flavus necessary for the synthesis of asparasone, a sclerotium-specific pigment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.01.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}