{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:06:56Z","timestamp":1790892416342,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72088101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72088101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09729.00.17536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09729.00.17536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fundamental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:34:36Z","timestamp":1763703276000},"page":"3340-3351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Securing China\u2019s chromium supply through circular economy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7855-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-1375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-020-00537-4","article-title":"A method to assess national metal criticality: The environment as a foremost measurement","volume":"7","author":"Eheliyagoda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0002","unstructured":"European Commission, Critical raw materials resilience: Charting a path towards greater security and sustainability, 2020. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474&from=EN (accessed 9 December 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2023.107277","article-title":"Evaluating the security of China\u2019s zirconium industry","volume":"199","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102372","article-title":"Knowledge mapping of research on strategic mineral resource security: A visual analysis using CiteSpace","volume":"74","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102237","article-title":"Emerging anthropogenic circularity science: Principles, practices, and challenges","volume":"24","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0006","first-page":"740","article-title":"Examining the influence of copper recycling on prospective resource supply and carbon emission reduction","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fund. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.02.006","article-title":"Selecting and prioritizing material resources by criticality assessments","volume":"4","author":"Helbig","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500415112","article-title":"Criticality of metals and metalloids","volume":"112","author":"Graedel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13207","article-title":"Evolution of the anthropogenic chromium cycle in China","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0010","unstructured":"International Energy Agency. The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions, 2021. https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/ffd2a83b-8c30-4e9d-980a-52b6d9a86fdc\/TheRoleofCriticalMineralsinCleanEnergyTransitions.pdf (accessed 13 October 2024)."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7060","DOI":"10.1021\/es060061i","article-title":"The contemporary anthropogenic chromium cycle","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.04.057","article-title":"Material constraints for concentrating solar thermal power","volume":"44","author":"Pihl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2023.103861","article-title":"How critical mineral supply security affects China NEVs industry? Based on a prediction for chromium and cobalt in 2030","volume":"85","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10904","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00709","article-title":"Mapping the global anthropogenic chromium cycle: Implications for resource efficiency and potential supply risk","volume":"56","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102987","article-title":"Research on the evolution of the global import and export competition network of chromium resources from the perspective of the whole industrial chain","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.03.013","article-title":"The global metabolic transition: Regional patterns and trends of global material flows, 1950-2010","volume":"26","author":"Schaffartzik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613773114","article-title":"Global socioeconomic material stocks rise 23-fold over the 20th century and require half of annual resource use","volume":"114","author":"Krausmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107855","article-title":"Environmental benefit of recycling plastics from waste electrical & electronic equipment","volume":"211","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2023.103584","article-title":"Uncovering the key features of gold flows and stocks in China","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2024.102859","article-title":"Tracking the global anthropogenic gallium cycle during 2000-2020: A trade-linked multiregional material flow analysis","volume":"87","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2024.109231","article-title":"Ensuring the sustainable supply of semiconductor material: A case of germanium in China","volume":"271","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36336","article-title":"Tracking tantalum stocks and flows in China from 2000 to 2021: A material flow analysis","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120524","article-title":"Bridging energy and metal sustainability: Insights from China\u2019s wind power development up to 2050","volume":"227","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.04.033","article-title":"Examining the use of End-of-life (EoL) PV panels in housing and sustainability","volume":"257","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.06.028","article-title":"Material requirements and availability for multi-terawatt deployment of photovoltaics","volume":"108","author":"Davidsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.05.003","article-title":"Growth curves and sustained commissioning modelling of renewable energy: Investigating resource constraints for wind energy","volume":"73","author":"Davidsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2010.01.004","article-title":"Substance flow analysis of chromium and nickel in the material flow of stainless steel in Japan","volume":"54","author":"Daigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-008-0090-3","article-title":"Nickel and chromium cycles: Stocks and flows project part IV","volume":"60","author":"Reck","year":"2008","journal-title":"JOM"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1021\/es3043559","article-title":"Simultaneous material flow analysis of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum used in alloy steel by means of input-output analysis","volume":"47","author":"Nakajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107816","article-title":"Mapping chromium flows in China\u2019s stainless-steel product chain: A product-level substance flow analysis","volume":"209","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105229","article-title":"COVID-19 impacts on metal supply: How does 2020 differ from previous supply chain disruptions?","volume":"165","author":"Habib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111713","article-title":"Resilience of the circular economy to global disruptions in scrap recycling","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0033","author":"Brunner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handbook of Material Flow analysis: For environmental, Resource, and Waste Engineers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7980","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03124","article-title":"Sustainability of the internet of things requires understanding of mineral demands and supplies","volume":"56","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105732","article-title":"Dynamic material flow analysis of natural graphite in China for 2001-2018","volume":"173","author":"Rui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113612","article-title":"Incorporating critical material cycles into metal-energy nexus of China\u2019s 2050 renewable transition","volume":"253","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126467","article-title":"Recovery of chromium from chromium-bearing slags produced in the stainless-steel smelting: A review","volume":"296","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2021.102410","article-title":"Prospects for a saturation of humanity\u2019s resource use? An analysis of material stocks and flows in nine world regions from 1900 to 2035","volume":"71","author":"Wiedenhofer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6457","DOI":"10.1021\/es100044n","article-title":"Outlook of the world steel cycle based on the stock and flow dynamics","volume":"44","author":"Hatayama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0041","unstructured":"USGS National Minerals Information Center, Chromium statistics and information, minerals yearbook 2000-2023, 2001-2024. https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/national-minerals-information-center\/chromium-statistics-and-information (accessed 9 December 2025)."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2355\/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2016-043","article-title":"Dynamic material flow analysis of stainless steels in Japan","volume":"102","author":"Matsuno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0043","first-page":"338","article-title":"China\u2019s energy and important mineral resources demand perspective","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1021\/es201904c","article-title":"Moving toward the circular economy: The role of stocks in the Chinese steel cycle","volume":"46","author":"Pauliuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0036","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Chromite ore resources characteristic and analysis of supply and demand situation from 2021 to 2035 in China","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geol. China"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0045","first-page":"933","article-title":"Chinese chromium demand forecasting and resource supply security","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9290.2012.00499.x","article-title":"Comparing growth rates of nickel and stainless steel use in the early 2000s","volume":"16","author":"Reck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0047","first-page":"43","article-title":"Forecast of stainless-steel production in China in 2020 and 2025","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metall. Econ. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2019.08.012","article-title":"Securing platinum-group metals for transport low-carbon transition","volume":"1","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105511","article-title":"Scarce mineral resources: Extraction, consumption and limits of sustainability","volume":"169","author":"Henckens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0050","unstructured":"Energy Foundation, China 2050 high renewable energy penetration scenario and roadmap study. 2015. https:\/\/www.efchina.org\/Attachments\/Report\/report-20150420\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD2050%E9%AB%98%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%83%85%E6%99%AF%E6%9A%A8%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6-%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A.pdf\/at_download\/file (accessed 13 October 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120079","article-title":"Circular economy strategies for mitigating metals shortages in electric vehicle batteries under China\u2019s carbon-neutral target","volume":"352","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.04.150","article-title":"Additive manufacturing and sustainability: An exploratory study of the advantages and challenges","volume":"137","author":"Ford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.10.368","article-title":"The role of hydrogen in iron and steel production: Development trends, decarbonization potentials, and economic impacts","volume":"92","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0054","first-page":"138","article-title":"Geological characteristics and mineralization potential of chromite resources in China","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Front."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0055","unstructured":"C. Lu, Z. Chen, J. Zhang, Research and development on the standard of recycling for stainless steel scrap, Proceedings 27th National Symposium on Ferroalloys, 2019, pp. 388\u2013391. https:\/\/www.10.26914\/c.cnkihy.2019.059665 (accessed 13 May 2025)."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2011.03.005","article-title":"An overview for the utilization of wastes from stainless steel industries","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0057","unstructured":"CBC Metal. Segmentation of chromium industry consumption by metal equivalent. http:\/\/en.cbcie.com\/ (accessed 13 October 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0058","unstructured":"Team Stainless. The global life cycle of stainless steels, 2023. https:\/\/www.worldstainless.org\/files\/issf\/non-image-files\/PDF\/Team_Stainless\/The_Global_Life_Cycle_of_Stainless_Steels.pdf (accessed 13 October 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.08.033","article-title":"A global sustainability perspective on 3D printing technologies","volume":"74","author":"Gebler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s40033-023-00497-4","article-title":"Processing techniques, microstructural and mechanical properties of Additive manufactured 316L stainless steel: Review","volume":"105","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0062","unstructured":"State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Notice of the state council on issuing the action plan for carbon peaking before 2030. 2021. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2021-10\/26\/content_5644984.htm (accessed 13 May 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0063","unstructured":"Xinhua News Agency. Outline of the 14th five-year plan for National economic and social development and long-range objectives through the year 2035. 2021. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2021-03\/13\/content_5592681.htm (accessed 13 May 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0064","series-title":"China statistical yearbook","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0065","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population prospects 2022: data sources, 2022. https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Publications\/Files\/WPP2022_Data_Sources.pdf (accessed 13 October 2024)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12087","article-title":"Uncertainty in material flow analysis","volume":"18","author":"Rechberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.10.014","article-title":"Uncovering the evolution of substance flow analysis of nickel in China","volume":"135","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0068","first-page":"167","article-title":"Exploring the potential for improving material utilization efficiency to secure lithium supply for China\u2019s battery supply chain","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fund. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1021\/es903584q","article-title":"Global stainless steel cycle exemplifies China\u2019s rise to metal dominance","volume":"44","author":"Reck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2016.04.002","article-title":"The research on generalized regional \u201cresource curse\u201d in China\u2019s new normal stage","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2013.06.007","article-title":"Trends and development of steel demand in China: A bottom-up analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0072","unstructured":"National Development and Reform Commission. Geothermal energy is expected to \u201cheat up\u201d. 2023. www.ndrc.gov.cn\/fggz\/hjyzy\/jnhnx\/202303\/t20230302_1350588.html (accessed 13 May 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.144981","article-title":"Enhancing chromium supply chain security through resilience strategies: Decision support based on system dynamics simulations","volume":"493","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.008","article-title":"Extrapolation or saturation-revisiting growth patterns, development stages and decoupling","volume":"48","author":"Bleischwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112334","article-title":"Material requirements for low-carbon energy technologies: A quantitative review","volume":"161","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.05.047","article-title":"Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mineral nexus: Exploring metal requirements and the well-below 2 \u00b0C target with 100 percent renewable energy","volume":"225","author":"Tokimatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.05.151","article-title":"Energy modeling approach to the global energy-mineral nexus: A first look at metal requirements and the 2 \u00b0C target","volume":"207","author":"Tokimatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2016.11.007","article-title":"Analysis of the value chain and network structure of informal waste recycling in Beijing, China","volume":"117","author":"Steuer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0079","unstructured":"The Ministry of Finance. The announcement on improving the value-added tax (VAT) policy for comprehensive resource utilization. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2022-02\/28\/content_5676109.htm (accessed 13 October 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0080","first-page":"4","article-title":"Research on the development of electric arc furnace (EAF) short process steelmaking in China","volume":"20","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Steel Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2024.108345","article-title":"Circular economy for resource security in the European Union (EU): Case study, research framework, and future directions","volume":"227","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/esss.2022.10058","article-title":"European raw materials resilience-turning a blind eye","volume":"2","author":"Troll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Syst. Soc."}],"container-title":["Fundamental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667325825006260?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667325825006260?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:10:57Z","timestamp":1790367057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667325825006260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667325825006260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-3258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-3258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Securing China\u2019s chromium supply through circular economy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fundamental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fmre.2025.11.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}