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Presence of the pBBR\u2010based replicon in wildtype <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> had a dominant negative effect, leading to complete attenuation in J774 macrophages. This was due to pleiotropic effects on VirB protein expression due to multiple copies of the <jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic> promoter region and over expression of VirB5. 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