{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:05:25Z","timestamp":1791306325343,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,2]],"date-time":"2014-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["FEBS Open Bio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two\u2010component signal transduction systems (TCS), consisting of a sensor histidine protein kinase and its cognate response regulator, are an important mode of environmental sensing in bacteria. Additionally, they have been found to regulate virulence determinants in several pathogens. <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of anthrax and a bioterrorism agent, harbours 41 pairs of TCS. However, their role in its pathogenicity has remained largely unexplored. Here, we show that WalRK of <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> forms a functional TCS which exhibits some species\u2010specific functions. Biochemical studies showed that domain variants of WalK, the histidine kinase, exhibit classical properties of autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer to its cognate response regulator WalR. Interestingly, these domain variants also show phosphatase activity towards phosphorylated WalR, thereby making WalK a bifunctional histidine kinase\/phosphatase. An <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> regulon determination approach, using a consensus binding sequence from <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>, provided a list of 30 genes that could form a putative WalR regulon in <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. Further, electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to show direct binding of purified WalR to the upstream regions of three putative regulon candidates, an S\u2010layer protein EA1, a cell division ABC transporter FtsE and a sporulation histidine kinase KinB3. Our work lends insight into the species\u2010specific functions and mode of action of <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> WalRK.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fob.2013.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,3]],"date-time":"2014-01-03T11:03:05Z","timestamp":1388746985000},"page":"65-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Functional characterization of WalRK: A two\u2010component signal transduction system from <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Alisha","family":"Dhiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonika","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parul","family":"Kulshreshtha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.140655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.10.3551\u20133571.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2005.04848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2009.06627.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2011.07790.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2012.08028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02340.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.2.307-315.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.2.370-380.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.69.1.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00195\u201312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2011.07829.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi700184s"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2009.06684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.20.6972\u20136981.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.29137\u20130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092611\u2013150039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.23.6375-6383.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.4.1175-1181.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6121-6128.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.21.7444\u20137459.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.12.4064\u20134076.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.2.718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31731-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.20.6302-6310.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb816"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi034883t"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.14.7808"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03661.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01690\u201309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90497-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12195"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02852.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.2941659.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2006.05433.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2005.05017.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20132958.2008.06340.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108495108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.195180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20130500\u20134\u2013257"}],"container-title":["FEBS Open Bio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.fob.2013.12.005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.fob.2013.12.005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.fob.2013.12.005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T14:27:18Z","timestamp":1695047238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.fob.2013.12.005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.fob.2013.12.005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fob.2013.12.005","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-5463","2211-5463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"2211-5463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-10-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-12-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-01-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}