{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:30:54Z","timestamp":1791307854541,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":295,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001444","name":"DSTA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R-181-000-063-422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-181-000-063-422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council of Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R-713-000-177-511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-713-000-177-511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["FEBS Open Bio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections caused by methicillin\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) have become a rising threat to public health. There is an urgent need for development of promising new therapeutic agents against drug resistant bacteria like <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>. This report discusses purification and characterization of proteins from Indian Russell's viper snake venom. Novel 15\u2010kDa proteins called \u201cViperatoxin\u201d (VipTx\u2010I and VipTx\u2010II) were extracted from the whole venom and evaluated using <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> antimicrobial experiments. The N\u2010terminal amino acid sequence of \u201cViperatoxin\u201d showed high sequence homology to daboiatoxin isolated from the same venom and also matched phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PLA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) enzymes isolated from other snake venoms. In an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> plate assay, VipTx\u2010II but not VipTx\u2010I showed strong antimicrobial effects against <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> (KHW &amp; TES), <jats:italic>Proteus vulgaris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>. The VipTx\u2010II was further tested by a broth\u2010dilution assay at 100\u20133.125 \u03bcg\/ml concentrations. The most potent bactericidal effect was found at the lowest dilutions (MICs of 6.25 \u03bcg\/ml) against <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> (MICs of 12.25 \u03bcg\/ml). Electron microscopic investigation revealed that the protein\u2010induced bactericidal potency was closely associated with pore formation and membrane damage, even at the lowest concentrations (&lt;20 \u03bcg\/ml). The toxin caused a low level of cytotoxic effects as observed in human (THP\u20101) cells at higher concentrations. Molecular weight determinations of VipTx\u2010II by sodium dodecyl sulfate\u2010polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed one major, along with a few minor bands. The results indicate that VipTx\u2010II plays a significant role in bactericidal and membrane damaging effects <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Non\u2010cytotoxic properties on human cells highlight it as a promising candidate for further evaluation of antimicrobial potential <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fob.2015.10.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,25]],"date-time":"2015-10-25T19:08:06Z","timestamp":1445800086000},"page":"928-941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Viperatoxin\u2010II: A novel viper venom protein as an effective bactericidal agent"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ramar Perumal","family":"Samy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUHS, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, NUS Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUHS, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley G.","family":"Stiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Wilson College, 1015 Philadelphia Avenue, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 17201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunachalam","family":"Chinnathambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.E.","family":"Zayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman Ali","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio Luiz","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Bras\u00edlia, Centro de An\u00e1lises Prote\u00f4micas e Bioqu\u00edmicas, P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Gen\u00f4micas e Biotecnologia UCB, Bras\u00edlia-DF, Brazil"},{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Pos-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia, Universidade Catolica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward G.","family":"Rowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Prem","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore 117600"},{"name":"Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina H.K.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, NUS Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUHS, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gautam","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore 117600"},{"name":"Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042683"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13374-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei: an uncommon cause of bacteraemic pneumoniA in A diabetic","volume":"53","author":"Subbalaxmi M.V.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. 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