{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:57:10Z","timestamp":1762649830628,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015541","name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajpmfocus.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AJPM Focus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T20:48:22Z","timestamp":1675198102000},"page":"100071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combined Effect of Maternal Obesity and Diabetes on Excessive Fetal Growth: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 2012\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2374-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sixtus","family":"Aguree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0551-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manju B.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0001","unstructured":"Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017\u20132018, NCHS Data Brief. 2020;360:1\u20138. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32487284\/. Accessed October 21, 2021."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301","article-title":"Projected U.S. State-Level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity","volume":"381","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3788","article-title":"Association between obesity and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"1","author":"Riaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315623884","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obesity and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Eckel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000017823.53114.4C","article-title":"Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Working Group on the pathophysiology of obesity-associated cardiovascular disease","volume":"105","author":"Eckel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2559a","article-title":"Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Chu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2018.08.003","article-title":"Joint impact of gestational diabetes and obesity on perinatal outcomes","volume":"47","author":"Huet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.057","article-title":"The influence of obesity and diabetes on the risk of cesarean delivery","volume":"191","author":"Ehrenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0009","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2517","article-title":"Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1862","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2881-5","article-title":"Gestational diabetes, pre-pregnancy obesity and pregnancy weight gain in relation to excess fetal growth: variations by race\/ethnicity","volume":"56","author":"Bowers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.065680","article-title":"Maternal obesity and diabetes as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes: differences among 4 racial\/ethnic groups","volume":"95","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.006","article-title":"Diabetes and obesity in pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Simmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0015","first-page":"169","article-title":"ACOG issues guidelines on fetal macrosomia. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","volume":"64","author":"Chatfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0016","unstructured":"Abramowicz JS, Ahn JT. Fetal macrosomia. Waltham, MA: UpToDatehttps:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/fetal-macrosomia. Accessed September 18, 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20279","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal complications of fetal macrosomia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Beta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.10.002","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of macrosomia in women with gestational diabetes and normal glucose tolerance","volume":"195","author":"Ogonowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.06.004","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy maternal obesity, macrosomia, and risk of stillbirth: a population-based study","volume":"252","author":"Ikedionwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12479","article-title":"Phenotypes of fetal macrosomia and risk of stillbirth among term deliveries over the previous four decades","volume":"47","author":"Salihu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1136-2","article-title":"Being macrosomic at birth is an independent predictor of overweight in children: results from the IDEFICS study","volume":"17","author":"Sparano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.03.022","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in obese and morbidly obese gestational diabetic women","volume":"137","author":"Yogev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1790","article-title":"The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study: associations of GDM and obesity with pregnancy outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Catalano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.08.009","article-title":"Pre-gestational versus gestational diabetes: a population based study on clinical and demographic differences","volume":"28","author":"Fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.052","article-title":"The influence of obesity and diabetes on the prevalence of macrosomia","volume":"191","author":"Ehrenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000371628","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: a literature review","volume":"66","author":"Kc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0027","unstructured":"CDC PRAMS. Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/prams\/index.htm. Updated May 23, 2022. Accessed April 11, 2021."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022325421844","article-title":"The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS): methods and 1996 response rates from 11 states","volume":"3","author":"Gilbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304563","article-title":"The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS): overview of design and methodology","volume":"108","author":"Shulman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0030","unstructured":"WHO. Physical status: the use of and interpretation of anthropometry, report of a WHO expert committee. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/37003. Published 1995. Accessed June 20, 2016."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.4.899","article-title":"Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary. Expert panel on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight in adults","volume":"68","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05400-9","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of fetal macrosomia and its phenotypes in the United States, 1971\u20132017","volume":"301","author":"Salihu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0033","unstructured":"Riskin A, Itzchaki O, Bader D, Iofe A, Toropine A, Riskin-Mashiah S. Perinatal outcomes in infants of mothers with diabetes in pregnancy. Isr Med Assoc J. 2020;22(9):569\u2013575. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33236556\/. Accessed June 18, 2021."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0035","first-page":"45","article-title":"Impact of overweight and obesity on pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes - results from a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"64","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13546","article-title":"Prediction of large-for-gestational-age infants in pregnancies complicated by obesity: a population-based cohort study","volume":"98","author":"\u00c5mark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13113","article-title":"Contribution of gestational diabetes mellitus heterogeneity and prepregnancy body mass index tolarge-for-gestational-age infants-a retrospective case-control study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.832678","article-title":"Obesity class impacts adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes independent of diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Neal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.789833","article-title":"maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index categories and infant birth outcomes: a population-based study of 9 million mother\u2013infant pairs","volume":"9","author":"Zong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/640291","article-title":"Maternal obesity and occurrence of fetal macrosomia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2014","author":"Gaudet","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0088","article-title":"Obesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome","volume":"140","author":"Catalano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062965","article-title":"Diabetes during pregnancy: a maternal disease complicating the course of pregnancy with long-term deleterious effects on the offspring. A clinical review","volume":"22","author":"Ornoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145003","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: a harbinger of the vicious cycle of diabetes","volume":"21","author":"EU","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx340","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of birth weight across 3 generations","volume":"187","author":"Lahti-Pulkkinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.001","article-title":"Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults","volume":"103","author":"Beagley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1506575","article-title":"Declines in unintended pregnancy in the United States, 2008\u20132011","volume":"374","author":"Finer","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0047","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education et\u00a0al., eds. Birth settings in America: outcomes, quality, access, and choice. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (U.S.). https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK555488\/. Published 2020. Accessed September 18, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0048","unstructured":"Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. First births to older women continue to rise, NCHS Data Brief. 2014;152:1\u20138. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24813228\/. Accesssed January 10, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0049","unstructured":"Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. Mean age of mothers is on the rise: United States: 2000\u20132014, NCHS Data Brief. 2016;232:1\u20138. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26828319\/. Accessed January 10, 2018."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-12-S1-S2","article-title":"Measuring the bias, precision, accuracy, and validity of self-reported height and weight in assessing overweight and obesity status among adolescents using a surveillance system","volume":"12","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-69","article-title":"Accuracy of self-reported body weight, height and waist circumference in a Dutch overweight working population","volume":"8","author":"Dekkers","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22400","article-title":"Accuracy of self-report versus objective smart-scale weights during a 12-week weight management intervention","volume":"27","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102216","article-title":"Self-reported vs. measured height, weight, and BMI in young adults","volume":"15","author":"Olfert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["AJPM Focus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2773065423000081?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2773065423000081?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:51:14Z","timestamp":1762649474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2773065423000081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2773065423000081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071","relation":{},"ISSN":["2773-0654"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2773-0654"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Combined Effect of Maternal Obesity and Diabetes on Excessive Fetal Growth: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 2012\u20132015","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"AJPM Focus","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100071","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The American Journal of Preventive Medicine Board of Governors.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100071"}}