{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:34:17Z","timestamp":1772620457762,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]],"date-time":"2004-01-15T10:19:27Z","timestamp":1074161967000},"page":"85-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Driving under the influence of khat\u2014alkaloid concentrations and observations in forensic cases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Stefan W.","family":"Toennes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerold F.","family":"Kauert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(90)90057-9","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of the stimulant khat","volume":"48","author":"Kalix","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005409418238","article-title":"Between myth and madness: the premigration dream of leaving among young Somali refugees","volume":"22","author":"Rousseau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cult. Med. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249803800215","article-title":"The khat users: a study of khat chewing in Liverpool\u2019s Somali men","volume":"38","author":"Ahmed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01834.x","article-title":"Absorption, distribution and elimination of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine after chewing of kath leaves","volume":"56","author":"Toennes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00434.x","article-title":"Cathinone, a natural amphetamine","volume":"70","author":"Kalix","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01960324","article-title":"CNS-active phenylpropylamines of Catha edulis FORSK (Celastraceae) of Kenyan origin","volume":"35","author":"Schorno","year":"1979","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB7","first-page":"290","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs. Part III. Analytical and chemical aspects of Catha edulis FORSK","volume":"60","author":"Brenneisen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharm. Acta Helv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.10.1715","article-title":"Study on the excretion and detection of cathinone, cathine and phenylpropanolamine in urine after kath chewing","volume":"48","author":"Toennes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1994.10472604","article-title":"Khat, an amphetamine-like stimulant","volume":"26","author":"Kalix","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB10","first-page":"1396","article-title":"Effect of the narcotic kat (Catha edulis) on certain functions of the human body","volume":"62","author":"Galkin","year":"1962","journal-title":"Z. Nevropat. Psikh. Imeni"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(89)90029-X","article-title":"Khat consumption: a pharmacological review","volume":"23","author":"Nencini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(92)80270-5","article-title":"Determination of (S)-(\u2212)-cathinone and its metabolites (R,S)-(\u2212)-norephedrine and (R,R)-(\u2212)-norpseudoephedrine in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection","volume":"593","author":"Mathys","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1994.69","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of khat: a controlled study","volume":"55","author":"Widler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051810","article-title":"Qat use in north Yemen and the problem of addiction: a study in medical anthropology","volume":"4","author":"Kennedy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cult. Med. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB15","first-page":"720","article-title":"Les aspects m\u00e9dicaux de la consommation habituelle du cath\u2014a propos de 53 observations","volume":"25","author":"Le Bras","year":"1965","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB16","first-page":"149","article-title":"Pharmacological aspects of the chewing of khat leaves","volume":"37","author":"Kalix","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1962.tb26411.x","article-title":"A study of the clinical effects of Catha edulis (khat, miraa) in kenya","volume":"49","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(82)90067-9","article-title":"Neurochemical similarities between d,l-cathinone and d-amphetamine","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB19","first-page":"21","article-title":"Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves","volume":"47","author":"Halbach","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(86)90118-3","article-title":"Subjective effects of khat chewing in humans","volume":"18","author":"Nencini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01728-4","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenoceptor agonists and asthma\u2014100 years of development","volume":"445","author":"Waldeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(87)90019-0","article-title":"Effects of the active constituents of Catha edulis on the neuromuscular junction","volume":"26","author":"Guantai","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB23","first-page":"271","article-title":"Tremorogenic effects of intracaudate d-amphetamine and their suppression by dopamine","volume":"223","author":"Baker","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/00223989809599162","article-title":"Psychophysiological aspects of amphetamine\u2013methamphetamine abuse","volume":"132","author":"Murray","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.1999.00518.x","article-title":"Amphetamine withdrawal. Part II. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind study of amineptine treatment","volume":"33","author":"Srisurapanont","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psych."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073803005334?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073803005334?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T02:58:23Z","timestamp":1585450703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073803005334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0379073803005334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.11.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}