{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T13:12:43Z","timestamp":1780751563579,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,13]],"date-time":"2009-11-13T10:06:59Z","timestamp":1258106819000},"page":"28-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gender-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of opiates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Djurendic-Brenesel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Mimica-Dukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Pilija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Tasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.18.040178.002103","article-title":"The opiate receptors","volume":"18","author":"Simon","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00333-9","article-title":"Numerical density of \u03bc opioidreceptor expressing neurons in the frontal cortex of drug related fatalities","volume":"115","author":"Schmidt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.1996.063","article-title":"Opioids-mechanisms of action","volume":"19","author":"Chahl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.032","article-title":"Distribution of drugs of abuse within specific regions of the human brain","volume":"170","author":"Stimpfl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90863-0","article-title":"Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain I. Spinal cord and lower medulla","volume":"124","author":"Atweh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90965-9","article-title":"Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain II. The brain stem","volume":"129","author":"Atweh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90817-4","article-title":"Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain III. The telencephalon","volume":"134","author":"Atweh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.2.695","article-title":"Role of steroids in sex differences in morphine-induced analgesia: activational and organizational effects","volume":"300","author":"Cicero","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36831-4","article-title":"Sex-related differences in morphine's antinociceptive activity: relationship to serum and brain morphine concentrations","volume":"282","author":"Cicero","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36910-1","article-title":"Chronic exposure to morphine increases corticosteroid-binding globulin","volume":"282","author":"Nock","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00112-4","article-title":"Effect of gonadectomy on discriminative stimulus effects of morphine in female versus male rats","volume":"53","author":"Craft","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050911","article-title":"Sex differences in development of morphine tolerance and dependence in the rat","volume":"143","author":"Craft","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib13","series-title":"The Pharmacology of Opioid Peptides","first-page":"463","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of opioid tolerance and dependence","author":"Fleming","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)00740-2","article-title":"Gender-linked differences in the expression of physical dependence in the rat","volume":"72","author":"Cicero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm. Biochem. Behev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(82)90142-4","article-title":"Extraction and measurement of morphine: correlation of brain level and s.c. dose in drug-na\u00efve and morphine-tolerant rats","volume":"31","author":"Raffa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00471-6","article-title":"Role of morphine glucuronide metabolites in morphine dependence in the rat","volume":"57","author":"Salem","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharm. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00197-1","article-title":"Identification of brain regions that are markedly activated by morphine in tolerant but not in naive rats","volume":"61","author":"Erdtmann-Vourliotis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91054-I","article-title":"Distribution of morphine in brain regions, spinal cord and serum following intravenous injection to morphine tolerant rats","volume":"595","author":"Bhargava","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00644-2","article-title":"A rapid GC\u2013MS method for the determination of dihydrocodeine, codeine, norcodeine, morphine, normorphine and 6-MAM in urine","volume":"127","author":"Meadway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.03.029","article-title":"Morphine and 6-acetylmorphine concentrations in blood, brain, spinal cord, bone marrow and bone after lethal acute or chronic diacetylmorphine administration to mice","volume":"166","author":"Guillot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/23.3.216","article-title":"Comparison of solid-phase extraction and supercritical fluid extraction for the analysis of morphine in whole blood","volume":"23","author":"Allen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405430101","article-title":"Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells","volume":"101","author":"Poeaknapo","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib23","unstructured":"C. Kai Meng, Identification and quantitation of pesticides in the parts-per-trilion range using retention time locking and GC\/MS, Agilent Technologies Application Note, 5988-4392EN, www.agilent.com\/chem (printed November 2001)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(91)90198-R","article-title":"Testosterone and postnatal ontogenesis of hypothalamic mu ([3H]dihydromorphine) opioid receptors in the rat","volume":"62","author":"Limonta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1994.1040","article-title":"Gonadal steroid hormones and hypothalamic opioid circuitry","volume":"28","author":"Hammer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90595-3","article-title":"Mu-opiate receptor binding in the medial preoptic area is cyclical and sexually dimorphic","volume":"515","author":"Hammer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03967.1998","article-title":"Estrogen-induced alteration of mu-opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic nucleus and medial amygdala","volume":"18","author":"Eckersell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1550-8579(05)80042-7","article-title":"Sex differences in pain perception","volume":"2","author":"Wiesenfeld-Hallin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gender Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00824.2005","article-title":"Sex differences in morphine-induced analgesia of visceral pain are supraspinally and peripherally mediated","volume":"291","author":"Ji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1988.133","article-title":"Sex differences in regional cerebral blood flow","volume":"8","author":"Rodriquez","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1139\/y90-231","article-title":"A physiological dose of estradiol with progesterone effects striatum biogenic amines","volume":"68","author":"Morisette","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1997.0243","article-title":"Sex and blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"\u00d6zta\u015f","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1053\/bean.2001.0154","article-title":"Genetic and hormonal basis of pain states","volume":"15","author":"Sternberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib34","series-title":"Human Anatomy","author":"Marieb","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib35","series-title":"Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, Clinical Neuroscience","first-page":"1","article-title":"Basal ganglia","author":"Rhawn","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.05.007","article-title":"Toxicological analysis in rats subjected to heroin and morphine overdose","volume":"166","author":"Strandberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073809004149?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073809004149?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T06:20:37Z","timestamp":1739427637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073809004149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0379073809004149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}}}