{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:07:48Z","timestamp":1767989268413,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,5]],"date-time":"2012-03-05T20:21:02Z","timestamp":1330978862000},"page":"111-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Phenazepam abuse in Finland: Findings from apprehended drivers, post-mortem cases and police confiscations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Pirkko","family":"Kriikku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Rintatalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Hurme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilkka","family":"Ojanper\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6974.219","article-title":"Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines in overdose","volume":"310","author":"Buckley","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3109\/14659890903271608","article-title":"Poly- drug findings in drugged driving cases during 1977\u20132007","volume":"15","author":"Karjalainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31803d3c04","article-title":"Concentrations of scheduled prescription drugs in blood of impaired drivers: considerations for interpreting the results","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.05.021","article-title":"Toxicological investigations of drivers killed in road traffic accidents in Norway during 2006\u20132008","volume":"212","author":"Gjerde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0025","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.fimea.fi\/classification\/principles_of_classification (accessed 15.11.2011)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00772264","article-title":"A new psychotropic phenazepam preparation","volume":"13","author":"Zakusov","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0035","series-title":"SOFT Meeting Presentation","article-title":"Quantitation of phenazepam in blood by GC\u2013MS in positive drug-driving cases in Finland","author":"Mykk\u00e4nen","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03189565","article-title":"Species differences in phenazepam kinetics and metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Zherdev","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0045","unstructured":"Finnish Criminal Law, Chapter 23."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0050","series-title":"Bulletin on Narcotics vol LVII, Nos 1 and 2, Science in Drug Control","article-title":"Drugs and driving; the Finnish perspective","author":"Lillsunde","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0055","first-page":"516","article-title":"Missbruk av fenazepam\u2014ny f\u00f6reteelse i Sverige","volume":"8","author":"Mrozkowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"L\u00e4kartidningen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d4207","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4207","article-title":"Phenazepam is currently being misused in the UK","volume":"343","author":"Maskell","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.8.527","article-title":"Fatality involving the ingestion of phenazepam and poppy seed tea","volume":"34","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.021","article-title":"Validation of new methods","volume":"165","author":"Peters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0075","unstructured":"Richtlinien der GTFCh zur Qualit\u00e4tssicherung forensisch-toxikologischer Untersuchungen vom 01.06.2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0080","unstructured":"DIN EN ISO\/IEC 32645: 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1030","article-title":"Fast gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry with microscale volume sample preparation for the determination of benzodiazepines and alpha-hydroxy metabolites, zaleplon and zopiclone in whole blood","volume":"41","author":"Gunnar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. H\u00e4kkinen, T. Launiainen, E. Vuori, I. Ojanper\u00e4, Benzodiazepines and alcohol are associated with cases of fatal buprenorphine poisoning, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2011), doi:10.1007\/s00228-011-1122-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1122-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr069","article-title":"Nicotine, alcohol and drug findings in young adults in a population-based post mortem database","volume":"13","author":"Launiainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2004.04.005","article-title":"Validated semiquantitative\/quantitative screening of 51 drugs in whole blood as silylated derivatives by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry and gas chromatography electron capture detection","volume":"806","author":"Gunnar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.03.015","article-title":"New designer drug of abuse: 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Findings from apprehended drivers in Finland","volume":"210","author":"Kriikku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0110","article-title":"Phenazepam and cannabinomimetics sold as herbal highs in New Zealand","author":"Couch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Testing Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580701329344","article-title":"Predominance of illicit drugs and poly-drug use among drug-impaired drivers in Sweden","volume":"8","author":"Holmgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00329.x","article-title":"Drug and ethanol effects on the clinical test for drunkenness: single doses of ethanol, hypnotic drugs and antidepressant drugs","volume":"75","author":"Kuitunen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01802.x","article-title":"Age- and gender-related differences in blood amphetamine concentrations in apprehended drivers: lack of association with clinical evidence of impairment","volume":"102","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00188-6","article-title":"Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines \u2013 relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers","volume":"68","author":"Bramness","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0135","series-title":"Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man","author":"Baselt","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0140","first-page":"282","article-title":"Clinical toxicometry of acute poisonings by fenazepam in older children","volume":"48","author":"Luzhnikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03422.x","article-title":"Socio-economic determinants of drugged driving \u2013 a register-based study","volume":"106","author":"Karjalainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-199810050-00007","article-title":"Driving and benzodiazepine use. Evidence that they do not mix","volume":"10","author":"van Laar","year":"1998","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2165\/11539050-000000000-00000","article-title":"Effects of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and opioids on driving. A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological and experimental evidence","volume":"34","author":"Dassanayake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2165\/11533170-000000000-00000","article-title":"The relationship between benzodiazepine use and traffic accidents","volume":"24","author":"Smink","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580802161943","article-title":"The impact of benzodiazepines on safe driving","volume":"9","author":"Dubois","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00110-4","article-title":"The Prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability. Part II: the relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability","volume":"32","author":"Longo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550010041037","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly","volume":"278","author":"Hammelgarn","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073812000606?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073812000606?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T09:27:20Z","timestamp":1543138040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073812000606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0379073812000606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}}}