{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:07:59Z","timestamp":1793084879923,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-3","content-domain":{"domain":["fsijournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,28]],"date-time":"2013-04-28T14:45:14Z","timestamp":1367160314000},"page":"161.e1-161.e8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Who is this person? A comparison study of current three-dimensional facial approximation methods"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Summer","family":"Decker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Davy-Jow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Faraut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Neville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don","family":"Hilbelink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0005","series-title":"Making Faces","author":"Prag","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0010","unstructured":"S.L. Davy, Forensic facial reconstruction using three-dimensional computer modelling techniques, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0015","series-title":"Forensic Facial Reconstruction","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0020","series-title":"Reconstruction of Soft Facial Parts Conference","author":"Buzug","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199106000-00009","article-title":"Use of facial approximation techniques in identification of Green River serial murder victims","volume":"12","author":"Haglund","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0030","series-title":"Forensic Analysis of the Skull","article-title":"Assessment of the reliability of facial reconstruction","author":"Helmer","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-006-0007-9","article-title":"A blind accuracy assessment of computer-modeled forensic facial reconstruction using computer tomography data from live subjects","volume":"2","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0040","first-page":"S63","article-title":"Assessing facial approximation accuracy: how do resemblance ratings of disparate faces compare to recognition tests?","volume":"159S","author":"Stephan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0045","unstructured":"S.J. Decker, The human in 3D: advanced morphometric analysis of high-resolution anatomically accurate computed models, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0050","series-title":"Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 60th Annual Meeting","first-page":"312","article-title":"Virtual anatomy: three dimensional computer modeling and measurement of human cranial anatomy","author":"Decker","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.01.008","article-title":"Three-dimensional computer-assisted craniometrics: a comparison of the uncertainty in measurement induced by surface reconstruction performed by two computer programs","volume":"219","author":"Guyomarc\u2019h","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2005.00009.x","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thicknesses in Australian adult cadavers","volume":"51","author":"Domaracki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0065","unstructured":"J.S. Rhine, C.E. Moore, Tables of facial tissue thickness of American Caucasoids in forensic anthropology, Maxwell Museum Technical Series, No. 1, 1984. As reprinted in K.T. Taylor, Forensic Art and Illustration, CRC Press, 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0070","series-title":"Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","article-title":"Automatic face recognition from skeletal remains","author":"Tu","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0075","series-title":"Forensic Art and Illustration","author":"Taylor","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0080","series-title":"The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine","author":"Krogman","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0085","series-title":"Computer-Graphic Facial Reconstruction","first-page":"183","article-title":"Forensic facial reconstruction using computer modeling software","author":"Davy","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0090","series-title":"Sch\u00e4delidentifizierung Durch Elektronische Bildmischung","author":"Helmer","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0095","article-title":"A survey of tissue-depth landmarks for facial approximation","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9085-9","article-title":"The influence of sex, age and body mass index on facial soft tissue depths","volume":"5","author":"de Greef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.02.028","article-title":"The reproducibility of facial approximation accuracy results generated from photo-spread tests","volume":"201","author":"Stephan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15239J","article-title":"Do resemblance ratings measure the accuracy of facial approximations?","volume":"47","author":"Stephan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0115","first-page":"47","article-title":"The accuracy of facial \u201creconstruction\u201d: a review of the published data and their interpretive value","volume":"129","author":"Stephan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Minerva Medicoleg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.01.006","article-title":"The affect of tissue depth variation on craniofacial reconstructions","volume":"172","author":"Starbuck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.06.004","article-title":"Influence of sex and body mass index on facial soft tissue thickness measurements of the northern Chinese adult population","volume":"222","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0130","series-title":"Forensic Analysis of the Skull","first-page":"199","article-title":"The relationship of skull morphology to facial features","author":"Fedosyutkin","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11917J","article-title":"An appraisal of plastic reconstruction of the nose","volume":"31","author":"Macho","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0140","article-title":"Reconstructing the shape of the nose according to the skull","volume":"4","author":"Prokopec","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(86)90008-4","article-title":"Relationship of skeletal pattern and nasal form","volume":"89","author":"Robison","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9124-6","article-title":"Prediction of nasal morphology from the skull","volume":"6","author":"Rynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330010304","article-title":"Relation of the external nose to the bony nose and nasal cartilages in whites and negroes","volume":"1","author":"Schultz","year":"1918","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2002053","article-title":"Measurement of eyeball protrusion and its application in facial reconstruction","volume":"48","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0165","first-page":"728","article-title":"The relationship between the soft tissues and the skeletal detail of the mouth","volume":"4","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11051J","article-title":"In vivo measurements of facial tissue thicknesses in American Caucasoid children","volume":"30","author":"Hodson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(96)01893-2","article-title":"Facial soft-tissue thickness in the adult male Zulu","volume":"79","author":"Aulsebrook","year":"1996","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00453-9","article-title":"Ultrasonic assessment of facial soft tissue thicknesses in adult Egyptians","volume":"117","author":"El-Mehallawi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14640J","article-title":"In vivo facial tissue depth measurements for children and adults","volume":"45","author":"Manhein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(96)02010-5","article-title":"Facial reconstruction: utilization of computerized tomography to measure facial tissue thickness in a mixed racial population","volume":"83","author":"Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11301J","article-title":"Thickness of facial tissue in American Blacks","volume":"25","author":"Rhine","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.07.012","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thickness in northwest Indian adults","volume":"176","author":"Sahni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0205","first-page":"S46","article-title":"Large-scale in-vivo Caucasian soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction","volume":"159S","author":"De Greef","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.10.013","article-title":"Pilot study of facial soft tissue thickness differences among three skeletal classes in Japanese females","volume":"195","author":"Utsuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0215","article-title":"Preliminary study on facial soft tissue thickness by magnetic resonance imaging in Northwest Indians","volume":"4","author":"Sahni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00852.x","article-title":"Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (part I): an analytical review of the published adult data","volume":"53","author":"Stephan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028_bib0225","unstructured":"National Academy of Sciences Website. \u2018Badly Fragmented\u2019 forensic science system needs overhaul; evidence to support reliability of many techniques is lacking, 2009 http:\/\/www8.nationalacademies.org\/onpinews\/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12589."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073813001849?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073813001849?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T15:30:11Z","timestamp":1715268611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073813001849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0379073813001849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Who is this person? A comparison study of current three-dimensional facial approximation methods","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}