{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:35:33Z","timestamp":1770824133754,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["fsijournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,12]],"date-time":"2014-06-12T15:48:28Z","timestamp":1402588108000},"page":"203-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence of medicinal drugs in suspected impaired drivers and a comparison with the use in the general Dutch population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Karlijn D.B.","family":"Bezemer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beitske E.","family":"Smink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rianne","family":"van Maanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Verschraagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan J.","family":"de Gier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00084-8","article-title":"Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle accidents","volume":"36","author":"Movig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-734","article-title":"Alcohol, psychoactive substances and non-fatal road traffic accidents\u2013a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Bogstrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711003010023","article-title":"Drugs of abuse, driving and traffic safety","volume":"3","author":"Penning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug. Abuse Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(00)00476-X","article-title":"Driving under the influence of alcohol and\/or drugs in The Netherlands 1995\u20131998 in view of the German and Belgian legislation","volume":"120","author":"Smink","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2012.73.951","article-title":"Prevalence of psychoactive substances in Dutch and Belgian traffic","volume":"73","author":"Houwing","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.10.011","article-title":"Trends in driving under the influence of drugs: a register-based study of DUID suspects during 1977\u20132007","volume":"41","author":"Ojaniema","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.07.023","article-title":"Drugs and chronic alcohol abuse in drivers","volume":"155","author":"Appenzeller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00116-0","article-title":"Alcohol, illicit drugs and medicinal drugs in fatally injured drivers in Spain between 1991 and 2000","volume":"127","author":"del Rio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.08.013","article-title":"Prevalence of ethanol and illicit drugs in road traffic accidents in the centre of Portugal: an eighteen-year update","volume":"216","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0050","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of suspected cases of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) involved in traffic accidents in Istanbul (Turkey)","author":"Acar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.019","article-title":"Driving under the influence in Greece: a 7-year survey (1998\u20132004)","volume":"174","author":"Papadodima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0060","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of alcohol, illicit drugs and psychoactive medicines in killed drivers in four European countries","author":"Legrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Inj. Contr. Saf. Promot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.10.022","article-title":"The frequency of alcohol, illicit and licit drug consumption in the general driving population in South-East Hundary","volume":"224","author":"Institoris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580701329344","article-title":"Predominance of illicit drugs and poly-drug use among drug-impaired drivers in Sweden","volume":"8","author":"Holmgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.031","article-title":"Alcohol and drugs in drivers fatally injured in traffic accidents in Sweden during the years 2000\u20132002","volume":"151","author":"Holmgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.02.014","article-title":"First nationwide study on driving under the influence of drugs in Switzerland","volume":"198","author":"Senna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.05.021","article-title":"Toxicological investigations of drivers killed in road traffic accidents in Norway during 2006\u20132008","volume":"212","author":"Gjerde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.025","article-title":"Concentrations of drugs in blood of suspected impaired drivers","volume":"153","author":"Augsburger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.10.005","article-title":"Concentrations of drugs determined in blood samples collected from suspected drugged drivers in England and Wales","volume":"20","author":"Burch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31803d3c04","article-title":"Concentrations of scheduled prescription drugs in blood of impaired drivers: considerations for interpreting the results","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.10.025","article-title":"Psychoactive substances in seriously injured drivers in Denmark","volume":"224","author":"Wiese Simonsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0110","unstructured":"Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nieuwsarchief, Jaarlijks 33 tot 66 verkeersdoden door rijgevaarlijke geneesmiddelen. Available at: http:\/\/www.rug.nl\/news-and-events\/news\/news2012\/065_12degier (accessed 08.13)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0115","unstructured":"S. Houwing , M. Hagenzieker , R. Mathijssen , I.M. Bernhoft , T. Hels , K. Janstrup , T. van der Linden , S. Legrand , A. Verstraete , Prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in drivers in general traffic. Part II: Country reports DRUID (Driving Under the Influence of Drug, Alcohol and Medicines) D2.2.3; http:\/\/www.druid-project.eu\/, 2011 (accessed 08.13)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0120","unstructured":"Wegenverkeerswet 1994, Artikel 8. Available at: http:\/\/wetten.overheid.nl (accessed 08.13)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0125","unstructured":"Tweede Kamer, Wijziging van de Wegenverkeerswet 1994 in verband met het verbeteren van de aanpak van het rijden onder invloed van drugs, vergaderjaar 2010\u20132011, 32859, Available at: https:\/\/zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\/ (accessed 08.13)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.03994.x","article-title":"Road traffic accidents and psychotropic medication use in The Netherlands: a case-control study","volume":"72","author":"Ravera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0135","series-title":"Drugs, Driving and Traffic Safety","first-page":"233","article-title":"Insomnia, hypnotic drugs and traffic safety","author":"Verster","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0140","series-title":"Drugs, Driving and Traffic Safety","first-page":"289","article-title":"Effects of anxiolytics on driving","author":"Vermeeren","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6031041","article-title":"Psychoactive medication and traffic safety","volume":"6","author":"Verster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1116","article-title":"Antidepressants and driving ability: results from a clinical study","volume":"67","author":"Brunnauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0155","first-page":"647","article-title":"The impact of medicinal drugs on traffic safety: a systematic review of epidemiological studies, Pharmacoepidemiol","volume":"18","author":"Orriols","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0160","series-title":"Literature Review on the Relation Between Drug Use, Impaired Driving and Traffic Accidents, (CT.97. EP.14)","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0014-4","article-title":"Driving simulator performance and psychomotor functions of schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotics","volume":"259","author":"Brunnauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0170","first-page":"219","article-title":"Determination of the most frequently used drugs in whole blood by using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013MS\/MS) (poster presentation at the TIAFT\/GTFCh Congress, Bonn, 2010)","volume":"77","author":"Boone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxichem. Krimtechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00441-8","article-title":"GC\u2013MS determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in blood","volume":"122","author":"Elian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0180","series-title":"Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety","article-title":"A new device for automation of the alcohol analysis performed by means of the ADH-method","author":"Neuteboom","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0185","unstructured":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology , International Language for Drug Utilization Research; http:\/\/www.whocc.no\/ (accessed 08.13)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600601012","article-title":"Biological half-life of chlordiazepoxide and its metabolite, demoxepam, in man","volume":"60","author":"Schwartz","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1978.tb00859.x","article-title":"Immediate and residual effects in man of the metabolites of diazepam","volume":"6","author":"Clarke","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0200","unstructured":"S. Houwing , M. Hagenzieker , R. Mathijssen , I.M. Bernhoft , T. Hels , K. Janstrup , T. van der Linden , S. Legrand , A. Verstraete , Prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in drivers in general traffic. Part I: General results. DRUID (Driving Under the Influence of Drug, Alcohol and Medicines), D2.2.3 2011; http:\/\/www.druid-project.eu\/ (accessed 08.13)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.11.1980","article-title":"Concentration ratios of morphine to codeine in blood of impaired drivers as evidence of heroin use and not medication with codeine","volume":"47","author":"Ceder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1969.tb00500.x","article-title":"Concentrations of amitriptyline and its metabolites in urine, blood and tissue in fatal amitriptyline poisoning","volume":"27","author":"Munksgaard","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Tox."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0215","unstructured":"International Council on Alcohol , Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) Drug List; http:\/\/www.icadts.nl\/reports\/medicinaldrugs2.pdf, July 2007 (accessed 08.13)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0220","unstructured":"J. Alvarez , H. de Gier , C. Mercier-Guyon , A. Verstraete , Categorization system for medicinal drugs affecting driving performance, International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) Summary Report 2007; http:\/\/www.icadts.nl\/reports\/medicinaldrugs1.pdf, 2007 (accessed 08.13)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0225","unstructured":"Stichting Farmaceutische Kengetallen, Available at: http:\/\/www.sfk.nl\/(accessed 08.13)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2008.04.002","article-title":"The relation between the blood benzodiazepine concentration and performance in suspected impaired drivers","volume":"15","author":"Smink","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2004.02.001","article-title":"Residual effects of sleep medication on driving ability","volume":"8","author":"Verster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0106","article-title":"Antidepressants and driver impairment: empirical evidence from a standard on-the-road test","volume":"64","author":"Ramaekers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2174\/157488606775252674","article-title":"Hypnotics and driving safety: meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials applying the on-the-road driving test","volume":"1","author":"Verster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.011","article-title":"Impairment related to blood drug concentrations of zopiclone and zolpidem compared to alcohol in apprehended drivers","volume":"41","author":"Gustavsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.04.001","article-title":"Stability tests of zopiclone in whole blood","volume":"200","author":"Nilsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.4.265","article-title":"Driving under the influence of opiates: concentration relationships between morphine, codeine, 6-acetyl morphine, and ethyl morphine in blood","volume":"32","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-003-0561-y","article-title":"Codeine and clinical impairment in samples in which morphine is not detected","volume":"58","author":"Bachs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/21.7.529","article-title":"Identification of tramadol and its metabolites in blood from drug-related deaths and drug-impaired drivers","volume":"21","author":"Goeringer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"September (5)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0275","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Tramadol (Ultram\u00ae) concentrations in death investigation and impaired driving cases and their significance","volume":"49","author":"Clarkson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Forensic. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004_bib0280","unstructured":"Dutch Institute for Rational Use of Medicine (IVM), Available at: http:\/\/www.rijveiligmetmedicijnen.nl\/ (accessed 08.13)."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073814002400?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073814002400?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T23:08:07Z","timestamp":1597964887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073814002400"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0379073814002400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence of medicinal drugs in suspected impaired drivers and a comparison with the use in the general Dutch population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}